{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:11:08Z","timestamp":1791490268629,"version":"4.3.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"group-title":"Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy","reference-count":81,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cerebral white matter lesions prevent cortico-spinal descending inputs from effectively activating spinal motoneurons, leading to loss of motor control. However, in most cases, the damage to cortico-spinal axons is incomplete offering a potential target for new therapies aimed at improving volitional muscle activation. Here we hypothesized that, by engaging direct excitatory connections to cortico-spinal motoneurons, stimulation of the motor thalamus could facilitate activation of surviving cortico-spinal fibers thereby potentiating motor output. To test this hypothesis, we identified optimal thalamic targets and stimulation parameters that enhanced upper-limb motor evoked potentials and grip forces in anesthetized monkeys. This potentiation persisted after white matter lesions. We replicated these results in humans during intra-operative testing. We then designed a stimulation protocol that immediately improved voluntary grip force control in a patient with a chronic white matter lesion. Our results show that electrical stimulation targeting surviving neural pathways can improve motor control after white matter lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.08.23286720","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T14:40:11Z","timestamp":1678286411000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["POTENTIATION OF CORTICO-SPINAL OUTPUT VIA TARGETED ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE MOTOR THALAMUS"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erinn M.","family":"Grigsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Damiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep-Maria","family":"Balaguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sridula","family":"Kallakuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Barrios-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahagn","family":"Karapetyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Gerszten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Kevin","family":"Hitchens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Constantine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Crammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0975-316X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Capogrosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Gonzalez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Pirondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182563bf5"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000341435.52004.ac"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.01.056","article-title":"Brain stimulation: Neuromodulation as a potential treatment for motor recovery following traumatic brain injury","volume":"1640","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain research"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2014.08.003"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.105","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation","volume":"13","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp269"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000163985.89444.DD"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.10.020","article-title":"Effects of deep brain stimulation on the primary motor cortex: insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation studies","volume":"130","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25156"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dale, J. , Schmidt, S. L. , Mitchell, K. , Turner, D. A. & Grill, W. M . Evoked potentials generated by deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain stimulation (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.07.048"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4338-12.2013"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990621)409:1<131::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-09-02644.1991"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90402-3"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907759116"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1595"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.064"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.19","first-page":"249","article-title":"Anatomy of the thalamus","volume":"184","year":"1950","journal-title":"Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, vereinigt mit Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.20","unstructured":"Shaltenbrand, G. Introduction to Stereotaxis with an Atlas of the Human Brain. Stuttgart (1959)."},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248759"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10136","article-title":"Surgery of the motor thalamus: problems with the present nomenclatures","volume":"17","year":"2002","journal-title":"Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.08.053"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn231"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996685","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.996685","article-title":"Application of the robot-assisted implantation in deep brain stimulation","volume":"16","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurorobotics"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00357-B"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00591.2020","article-title":"Inferring thalamocortical monosynaptic connectivity in vivo","volume":"125","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20703-1","article-title":"Recruitment of upper-limb motoneurons with epidural electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050933"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M. et al. Novel Evoked Synaptic Activity Potentials (ESAPs) elicited by Spinal Cord Stimulation. bioRxiv 2023\u201302 (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.18.528981"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10162","article-title":"Introduction to the programming of deep brain stimulators","volume":"17","year":"2002","journal-title":"Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000098985"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199605000-00023"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1923-19.2020"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.35","unstructured":"Agarwal, S. & Biagioni, M. C. Essential tremor. (2018)."},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.10.005","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for stroke: Current uses and future directions","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain stimulation"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000102263","article-title":"Reversibility of chronic neurologic deficits. Some effects of electrical stimulation of the thalamus and internal capsule in man","volume":"43","year":"1980","journal-title":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02487-9","article-title":"Affect of deep brain stimulation on limb paresis after stroke","volume":"356","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000120431","article-title":"Long-term Chronic stimulation of internal capsule in poststroke pain and Spasticity","volume":"86","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0953-14.2014"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.07.002","article-title":"Rhesus macaque versus rat divergence in the corticospinal projectome","volume":"110","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirondini, E. et al. Poststroke arm and hand paresis: should we target the cervical spinal cord? Trends in neurosciences (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.05.002"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70525-7","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke?","volume":"5","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.09.003","article-title":"Controversy: Noninvasive and invasive cortical stimulation show efficacy in treating stroke patients","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain stimulation"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz181","article-title":"Neurotechnology-aided interventions for upper limb motor rehabilitation in severe chronic stroke","volume":"142","year":"2019","journal-title":"BrainrJ: a journal of neurology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.04.067","article-title":"Multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation and upper extremity rehabilitation in stroke: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.05.021","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)","volume":"125","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical neurophysiologyrJ: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"128","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical neurophysiologyrJ: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.50","first-page":"236","article-title":"Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Stroke EaRly After onset Clinical Trial (TESSERACT). Brain Stimulation: Basic","volume":"16","year":"2023","journal-title":"Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e318217df55"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0128-2","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation: current challenges and future directions","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00426-z","article-title":"Technology of deep brain stimulation: current status and future directions","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.10.JNS131225"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2012.04.003","article-title":"Perioperative management of adult traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology clinics"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-6-535"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, K. B. et al. Cerebellar deep brain stimulation for chronic post-stroke motor rehabilitation: a phase I trial. Nature Medicine 1\u20139 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02507-0"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00475-X","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for upper limb motor function after ischaemic stroke (VNS-REHAB): a randomised, blinded, pivotal, device trial","volume":"397","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Violante, I. R. et al. Non-invasive temporal interference electrical stimulation of the human hippocampus. Nature neuroscience 1\u201311 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.01.031"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.60","unstructured":"Wessel, M. J. et al. Noninvasive theta-burst stimulation of the human striatum enhances striatal activity and motor skill learning. Nature Neuroscience 1\u201312 (2023)."},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3129","article-title":"A review of the current therapies, challenges, and future directions of transcranial focused ultrasound technology: advances in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"75","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA neurology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73714-9","article-title":"Cerebello-thalamo-cortical network is intrinsically altered in essential tremor: evidence from a resting state functional MRI study","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25809"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv225"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, M. P. et al. Epidural stimulation of the cervical spinal cord for post-stroke upper-limb paresis. Nature Medicine 1\u201311 (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.11.22273635"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01106-5","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation of the cervical dorsal roots restores voluntary upper limb control in paralyzed monkeys","volume":"25","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab0938","article-title":"Effect of anesthesia on motor responses evoked by spinal neural prostheses during intraoperative procedures","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of neural engineering"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, J. et al. Robot Assisted Neurosurgery for High-Accuracy, Minimally-Invasive Deep Brain Electrophysiology in Monkeys,. in IEEE Proceedings IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) (IEEE, 2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC48229.2022.9871520"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0575-0"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.027"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26143"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2045126"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080713"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25363","article-title":"Redundancy circuits of the commissural pathways in human and rhesus macaque brains","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0663-y","article-title":"Automatic removal of false connections in diffusion MRI tractography using topology-informed pruning (TIP)","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.072"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636518","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.636518","article-title":"Diffusion spectrum imaging of corticospinal tracts in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116131","article-title":"Differential tractography as a track-based biomarker for neuronal injury","volume":"202","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.FOCUS1815","article-title":"Improved accuracy using a modified registration method of ROSA in deep brain stimulation surgery","volume":"45","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurgical Focus"},{"key":"2023121421550607000_2023.03.08.23286720v3.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12951","article-title":"The accuracy and feasibility of robotic assisted lead implantation in nonhuman primates","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.03.08.23286720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:29:36Z","timestamp":1768505376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.03.08.23286720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"references-count":81,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.03.08.23286720","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52477-1","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}