{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:16:55Z","timestamp":1768504615196,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":66,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thoracic spinal cord injury affects long propriospinal neurons that interconnect the cervical and lumbar enlargements. These neurons are crucial for coordinating forelimb and hindlimb locomotor movements in a speed-dependent manner. However, recovery from spinal cord injury is usually studied over a very limited range of speeds that may not fully expose circuitry dysfunction. To overcome this limitation, we investigated overground locomotion in rats trained to move over an extended distance with a wide range of speeds both pre-injury and after recovery from thoracic hemisection or contusion injuries. In this experimental context, intact rats expressed a speed-dependent continuum of alternating (walk and trot) and non-alternating (canter, gallop, half-bound gallop, and bound) gaits. After a lateral hemisection injury, rats recovered the ability to locomote over a wide range of speeds but lost the ability to use the highest-speed gaits (half-bound gallop and bound) and predominantly used the limb contralateral to the injury as lead during canter and gallop. A moderate contusion injury caused a greater reduction in maximal speed, loss of all non-alternating gaits, and emergence of novel alternating gaits. These changes resulted from weak fore\u2013hind coupling together with appropriate control of left\u2013right alternation. After hemisection, animals expressed a subset of intact gaits with appropriate interlimb coordination even on the side of the injury, where the long propriospinal connections were severed. These observations highlight how investigating locomotion over the full range of speeds can reveal otherwise hidden aspects of spinal locomotor control and post-injury recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.22.533794","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T19:00:10Z","timestamp":1679684410000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spinal control of locomotion before and after spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4642-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon M.","family":"Danner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney T.","family":"Shepard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Hainline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1971-9707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Shevtsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3461-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya A.","family":"Rybak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3816-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.K.","family":"Magnuson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136835"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04726.x"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01794.x"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5692-07.2008"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.1"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.0914"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.04.032"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.04.005"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertram JE . 2016. Understanding mammalian locomotion: concepts and applications. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119113713"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.12","unstructured":"Burnham KP , Anderson DR . 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. 2nd ed. New York: Springer."},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00343-6"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051460202"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2014-1981","article-title":"Recovery of locomotion after partial spinal cord lesions in cats: assessment using behavioral, electrophysiological and imaging techniques","volume":"74","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp (Warsz"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31050"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272787"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108775"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0701-14.2014"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.155425"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0422-x"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00005"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00244-8"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00436-x"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00978.2016"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-1999-1304","article-title":"Overground locomotion in intact rats: interlimb coordination, support patterns and support phases duration","volume":"59","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp (Warsz"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02198-0"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150150502613"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.30","unstructured":"Harris SE. 1993. Horse gaits, balance, and movement. New York: Toronto: New York: Howell Book House; Maxwell Macmillan Canada; Maxwell Macmillan International."},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.31","unstructured":"Hartig F. 2022. DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level \/ Mixed) Regression Models"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.138.1.301","article-title":"Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?","volume":"138","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1311182"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0964-3_9"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/20.1.255"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1379571"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.2017.1305277"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4640-11.2012"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(90)90042-D"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.9"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.11.015"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.09.016"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.43"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3115"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(92)90174-O"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00042"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.529"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308331147"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)65015-2"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlovsky GN , Deliagina TG , Grillner S . 1999. Neuronal control of locomotion: from mollusc to man. New York: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524052.001.0001"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02033-x"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53565"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.53","unstructured":"R Core Team . 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.12.024"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.10.032"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0069-15.2015"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.08.30.505848"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70058"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.010"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.019"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12286"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.07.020"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150252806983"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73424"},{"key":"2023060602001390000_2023.03.22.533794v2.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu078"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.03.22.533794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T04:27:06Z","timestamp":1768451226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.03.22.533794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":66,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.03.22.533794","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114496","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}