{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T23:36:08Z","timestamp":1781566568996,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":44,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease affecting epithelial ion transport, resulting in thickened mucus and impaired mucociliary clearance. Persons with CF (pwCF) experience life- long respiratory mucosal infections caused by a diverse array of opportunists, and these infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for pwCF. In recent years, there has been increased appreciation for the range and diversity of microbes in CF-related respiratory infections. Introduction of new therapeutics and improved detection methodology has revealed CF related opportunists such as\n                  <jats:italic>Achromobacter xylosoxidans<\/jats:italic>\n                  (\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  ).\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  is a Gram-negative bacterial species that is widely distributed in the environment and has been increasingly observed in sputa and other samples from pwCF; typically\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  infections occur in patients in later stages of CF disease. In this study, we characterized CF clinical isolates of\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  and tested colonization and persistence of\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  in respiratory infection using immortalized human CF respiratory epithelial cells and BALB\/c mice. Genomic analyses of clinical\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  isolates showed homologs for factors involved in flagellar synthesis, antibiotic resistance, and toxin secretion systems.\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  isolates adhered to polarized CFBE14o- human immortalized CF bronchial epithelial cells and caused significant cytotoxicity and depolarization.\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  colonized and persisted in mouse lung for up to 72 hours post infection, with inflammatory consequences that include increased neutrophilia, lung damage, cytokine production, and mortality. Transcript profiling reveled differential expression of\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  genes during growth in SCFM2 synthetic CF sputum media. Based on these results, we conclude that\n                  <jats:italic>Ax<\/jats:italic>\n                  is an opportunistic pathogen of significance in CF.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.04.535650","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:30:22Z","timestamp":1680741022000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pathogenesis of\n                  <i>Achromobacter xylosoxidans<\/i>\n                  respiratory infections: colonization and persistence of airway epithelia and differential gene expression in synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Caitlin E.","family":"Billiot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa S.","family":"McDaniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. Edward","family":"Swords","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie R.","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023040810200390000_2023.04.04.535650v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3849"},{"key":"2023040810200390000_2023.04.04.535650v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-007-8039-9"},{"key":"2023040810200390000_2023.04.04.535650v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra043184"},{"key":"2023040810200390000_2023.04.04.535650v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole GA . 2018. Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiome: Overturning the Old, Opening the Way for the New. 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