{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:45:14Z","timestamp":1768506314521,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"group-title":"Evolutionary Biology","reference-count":87,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Reptiles exhibit a variety of modes of sex determination, including both temperature-dependent and genetic mechanisms. Among those species with genetic sex determination, sex chromosomes of varying heterogamety (XX\/XY and ZZ\/ZW) have been observed with different degrees of differentiation. Karyotype studies have demonstrated that Gila monsters (\n                  <jats:italic>Heloderma suspectum<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) have ZZ\/ZW sex determination and this system is likely homologous to the ZZ\/ZW system in the Komodo dragon (\n                  <jats:italic>Varanus komodoensis<\/jats:italic>\n                  ), but little else is known about their sex chromosomes. Here, we report the assembly and analysis of the Gila monster genome. We generated a\n                  <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                  draft genome assembly for a male using 10X Genomics technology. We further generated and analyzed short-read whole genome sequencing and whole transcriptome sequencing data for three males and three females. By comparing female and male genomic data, we identified four putative Z-chromosome scaffolds. These putative Z-chromosome scaffolds are homologous to Z-linked scaffolds identified in the Komodo dragon. Further, by analyzing RNAseq data, we observed evidence of incomplete dosage compensation between the Gila monster Z chromosome and autosomes and a lack of balance in Z-linked expression between the sexes. In particular, we observe lower expression of the Z in females (ZW) than males (ZZ) on a global basis, though we find evidence suggesting local gene-by-gene compensation. This pattern has been observed in most other ZZ\/ZW systems studied to date and may represent a general pattern for female heterogamety in vertebrates.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.26.538436","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T02:25:13Z","timestamp":1682735113000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incomplete dosage balance and dosage compensation in the ZZ\/ZW Gila monster (\n                  <i>Heloderma suspectum<\/i>\n                  ) revealed by\n                  <i>de novo<\/i>\n                  genome assembly"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1174-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy H.","family":"Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7796-5597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Vannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4243-5788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan J.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Denbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheo","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greer A.","family":"Dolby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1580-7443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian T.","family":"Fiddes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-8367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale F.","family":"DeNardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2614-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023050302150918000_2023.04.26.538436v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonge, M. , Lebeigle, L. , Kirsche, M. , Aganezov, S. , Wang, X. , Lippman, Z. 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