{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:51:54Z","timestamp":1790790714010,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"group-title":"Ecology","reference-count":36,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Parasitic infections are a global occurrence and impact the health of many species. Coinfections, where two or more species of parasite are present in a host, are a common phenomenon across species. Coinfecting parasites can interact directly, or indirectly via their manipulation of (and susceptibility to) the immune system of their shared host. Helminths, such as the cestode\n                  <jats:italic>Schistocephalus solidus<\/jats:italic>\n                  , are well known to suppress immunity of their host (threespine stickleback,\n                  <jats:italic>Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/jats:italic>\n                  ), potentially facilitating other parasite species. Yet, hosts can evolve a more robust immune response (as seen in some stickleback populations), potentially turning facilitation into inhibition. Using wild-caught stickleback from 21 populations with non-zero\n                  <jats:italic>S. solidus<\/jats:italic>\n                  prevalence, we tested an\n                  <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>\n                  hypothesis that\n                  <jats:italic>S. solidus<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection facilitates infection by other parasites. Consistent with this hypothesis, individuals with\n                  <jats:italic>S. solidus<\/jats:italic>\n                  infections have 18.6% higher richness of other parasites, compared to\n                  <jats:italic>S. solidus<\/jats:italic>\n                  -uninfected individuals from the same lakes. This facilitation-like trend is stronger in lakes where\n                  <jats:italic>S. solidus<\/jats:italic>\n                  is particularly successful but is reversed in lakes with sparse and smaller cestodes (indicative of stronger host immunity). These results suggest that a geographic mosaic of host-parasite coevolution might lead to a mosaic of between-parasite facilitation\/inhibition effects.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.05.18.541347","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:05:13Z","timestamp":1684541113000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Opening a can of worms: a test of the coinfection facilitation hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Maria L.","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Bolnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023052203101014000_2023.05.18.541347v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e3283524d90"},{"key":"2023052203101014000_2023.05.18.541347v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-2291.1"},{"key":"2023052203101014000_2023.05.18.541347v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, C.S. and Aubin-Horth, N. 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