{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T17:05:37Z","timestamp":1772557537925,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":82,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  quorum-sensing system links\n                  <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                  metabolism to virulence, in part by increasing bacterial survival during exposure to lethal concentrations of H\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  , a crucial host defense against\n                  <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                  . We now report that protection by\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  surprisingly extends beyond post-exponential growth to the exit from stationary phase when the\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  system is no longer turned on. Thus,\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  can be considered a constitutive protective factor. Deletion of\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  increased both respiration and fermentation but decreased ATP levels and growth, suggesting that \u0394\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  cells assume a hyperactive metabolic state in response to reduced metabolic efficiency. As expected from increased respiratory gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated more in the\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  mutant than in wild-type cells, thereby explaining elevated susceptibility of \u0394\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  strains to lethal H\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  doses. Increased survival of wild-type\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  cells during H\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  exposure required\n                  <jats:italic>sodA<\/jats:italic>\n                  , which detoxifies superoxide. Additionally, pretreatment of\n                  <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                  with respiration-reducing menadione protected \u0394\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  cells from killing by H\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  . Thus, genetic deletion and pharmacologic experiments indicate that\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  helps control endogenous ROS, thereby providing resilience against exogenous ROS. The long-lived \u201cmemory\u201d of\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  -mediated protection, which is uncoupled from\n                  <jats:italic>agr<\/jats:italic>\n                  activation kinetics, increased hematogenous dissemination to certain tissues during sepsis in ROS-producing, wild-type mice but not ROS-deficient (Nox2\n                  <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                  ) mice. These results demonstrate the importance of protection that anticipates impending ROS-mediated immune attack. The ubiquity of quorum sensing suggests that it protects many bacterial species from oxidative damage.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.08.544038","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:40:12Z","timestamp":1686271212000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quorum-sensing\n                  <i>agr<\/i>\n                  system of\n                  <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                  primes gene expression for protection from lethal oxidative stress"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Podkowik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew 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