{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:46:15Z","timestamp":1780505175187,"version":"3.54.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":28,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis (PRIMA) enables restoration of sight via electrical stimulation of the interneurons in degenerated retina, with resolution limited by the 100 \u03bcm pixel size. Since decreasing the pixel size below 75 \u03bcm in the current bipolar geometry is impossible, we explore the possibility of using smaller pixels based on a novel 3-dimensional honeycomb-shaped design. We assessed the long-term biocompatibility and stability of these arrays in rats by investigating the anatomical integration of the retina with flat and 3D implants and response to electrical stimulation over lifetime \u2013 up to 9 months post-implantation in aged rats. With both flat and 3D implants, VEP amplitude decreased after the day of implantation by more than 3-fold, and gradually recovered over about 3 months. With 25 \u03bcm high honeycomb walls, the majority of bipolar cells migrate into the wells, while amacrine and ganglion cells remain above the cavities, which is essential for selective network-mediated stimulation of the second-order neurons. Retinal thickness and full-field stimulation threshold with 40 \u03bcm-wide honeycomb pixels were comparable to those with planar devices \u2013 0.05 mW\/mm\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                  with 10ms pulses. However, fewer cells from the inner nuclear layer migrated into the 20 \u03bcm-wide wells, and stimulation threshold increased over 5 months, before stabilizing at about 0.08 mW\/mm\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                  . Such threshold is significantly lower than 1.8 mW\/mm\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                  with a previous design of flat bipolar pixels, confirming the promise of the 3D honeycomb-based approach to high resolution subretinal prosthesis.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.25.550561","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T15:05:11Z","timestamp":1690556711000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["3D electronic implants in subretinal space: long-term follow-up in rodents"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2824-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohajeet","family":"Bhuckory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijie Charles","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Pham-Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarthak","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicharee","family":"Monkongpitukkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Galambos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Kamins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Mathieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0480-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Palanker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023073108300438000_2023.07.25.550561v1.1","first-page":"564","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States","volume":"122","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. 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