{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:39:23Z","timestamp":1776382763210,"version":"3.51.2"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":52,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  SARS-CoV-2 patients have been reported to have high rates of secondary\n                  <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                  infections.\n                  <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                  is a commensal that is typically found in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. However, it can cause severe disease when a person\u2019s immune system is compromised. Despite a high number of\n                  <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                  cases reported in SARS-CoV-2 patients, a co-infection animal model evaluating the pathogenesis is not available. We describe a mouse model to study disease pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and\n                  <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                  co-infection. BALB\/cJ mice were inoculated with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 followed by a challenge with\n                  <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Mice were monitored for body weight change, clinical signs, and survival during infection. The bacterial load, viral titers, immune cell accumulation and phenotype, and histopathology were evaluated in the lungs. The co-infected mice showed severe clinical disease and a higher mortality rate within 48 h of\n                  <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection. The co-infected mice had significantly elevated bacterial load in the lungs, however, viral loads were similar between co-infected and single-infected mice. Histopathology of co-infected mice showed severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia with copious intralesional bacteria. Flow cytometry analysis showed significantly higher numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in the lungs. Collectively, our results demonstrated that co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with\n                  <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                  causes severe disease with increased mortality in mice.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.28.551035","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:11Z","timestamp":1690934411000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae C<\/i>\n                  o-infection Leads to Fatal Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2-infected Mice"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Crystal","family":"Villalva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Girish","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sai","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debarati","family":"Chanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roshan","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akhilesh","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudragouda","family":"Channappanavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5007-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"More","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34296","DOI":"10.2196\/34296","article-title":"Estimating COVID-19 Hospitalizations in the United States With Surveillance Data Using a Bayesian Hierarchical Model: Modeling Study","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-020-01760-4"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, A. , et al., Anosmia and loss of smell in the era of covid-19. 2020. 370: p. m2808.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2808"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2020.1804365"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-020-09915-3"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01041","article-title":"Secondary Bacterial Infections Associated with Influenza Pandemics","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01602-z"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591708"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01113x"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070891"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05181"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BJ.2018.08.004"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198005"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0016321","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00163-21","article-title":"Coinfections with Other Respiratory Pathogens among Patients with COVID-19","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06292-z"},{"key":"2023080303550530000_2023.07.28.551035v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kao, K.-C. , et al., Coinfection and Mortality in Pneumonia-Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients with Bronchoalveolar Lavage: A Prospective Observational Study. 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