{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:31:03Z","timestamp":1768505463427,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":77,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mobile brain imaging with high-density electroencephalography (EEG) can provide insight into the cortical processes involved in complex human walking tasks. While uneven terrain is common in the natural environment and poses challenges to human balance control, there is limited understanding of the supraspinal processes involved with traversing uneven terrain. The primary objective of this study was to quantify electrocortical activity related to parametric variations in terrain unevenness for neurotypical young adults. We used high-density EEG to measure brain activity when thirty-two young adults walked on a novel custom-made uneven terrain treadmill surface with four levels of difficulty at a walking speed tailored to each participant. We identified multiple brain regions associated with uneven terrain walking. Alpha (8 - 13 Hz) and beta (13 - 30 Hz) spectral power decreased in the sensorimotor and posterior parietal areas with increasing terrain unevenness while theta (4 - 8 Hz) power increased in the mid\/posterior cingulate area with terrain unevenness. We also found that within stride spectral power fluctuations increased with terrain unevenness. Our secondary goal was to investigate the effect of parametric changes in walking speed (0.25 m\/s, 0.5m\/s, 0.75 m\/s, 1.0 m\/s) to differentiate the effects of walking speed from uneven terrain. Our results revealed that electrocortical activities only changed substantially with speed within the sensorimotor area but not in other brain areas. Together, these results indicate there are distinct cortical processes contributing to the control of walking over uneven terrain versus modulation of walking speed on smooth, flat terrain. Our findings increase our understanding of cortical involvement in an ecologically valid walking task and could serve as a benchmark for identifying deficits in cortical dynamics that occur in people with mobility deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.31.551289","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T16:25:12Z","timestamp":1690993512000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electrical Brain Activity during Human Walking with Parametric Variations in Terrain Unevenness and Walking Speed"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0381-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Downey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8340-6764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob S.","family":"Salminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1974-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia Arvelo","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6041-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Richer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0713-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika M.","family":"Pliner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7538-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungyun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yenisel","family":"Cruz-Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5970-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd M.","family":"Manini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3484-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris J.","family":"Hass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2452-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael D.","family":"Seidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9921-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6373-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2016-0014"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278646"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202093"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2020.102615"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.106518"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark DJ . Automaticity of walking: functional significance, mechanisms, measurement and rehabilitation strategies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2015;9. Available: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00246","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00246"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-14"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.05.015"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu125"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark DJ , Rose DK , Ring SA , Porges EC . Utilization of central nervous system resources for preparation and performance of complex walking tasks in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2014;6. Available: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00217","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00217"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172154"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65402"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.03.008"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00593"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.945341"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188500"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00744.2012"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14972"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.06.017"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0207-18.2018"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.039"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13371"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.09.032"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.11.004"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082842"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.08.002"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2005.03.003"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulea TC , Kim J , Damiano DL , Stanley CJ , Park H-S . Prefrontal, posterior parietal and sensorimotor network activity underlying speed control during walking. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2015;9. Available: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00247","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00247"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2921766"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.32","first-page":"209","article-title":"BioImage Suite: An integrated medical image analysis suite: An update","volume":"2006","year":"2006","journal-title":"Insight J"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.004"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00744-x"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.066"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark DJ , Manini TM , Ferris DP , Hass CJ , Brumback BA , Cruz-Almeida Y , et al. Multimodal Imaging of Brain Activity to Investigate Walking and Mobility Decline in Older Adults (Mind in Motion Study): Hypothesis, Theory, and Methods. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2020;11. Available: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00358","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00358"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.09.010"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.38","first-page":"25","article-title":"Gait parameters following stroke: A practical assessment","volume":"32","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(95)00019-O"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deiber M-P , Sallard E , Ludwig C , Ghezzi C , Barral J , Ibanez V . EEG alpha activity reflects motor preparation rather than the mode of action selection. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 2012;6. Available: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnint.2012.00059","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2012.00059"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.01.011"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.20010"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00044-3"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb08055.x"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2016.01.010"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobsen NA , Ferris DP . Electrocortical Activity Correlated with Locomotor Adaptation during Split-belt Treadmill Walking. Journal of Physiology. 2023.","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284505"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00409.2005"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.10.062"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00089.2015"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx155"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00926.2016"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25856"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015037"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019498"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4343-15.2016"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00912.2009"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01147.2002"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1833-07.2007"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.038"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3281356"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.08.019"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.29.2.188"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0463-22.2023"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.01.006"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3672-3"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aad7d7"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155867"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2201.11798"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020928"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.026"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.73","unstructured":"Palmer J , Kreutz-Delgado K , Makeig S . AMICA : An Adaptive Mixture of Independent Component Analyzers with Shared Components. 2011. Available: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/AMICA-%3A-An-Adaptive-Mixture-of-Independent-with-Palmer-Kreutz-Delgado\/5774e96ad450c228400dc311f16caf1f20967c10"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.001"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247040"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J . Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Academic Press; 2013.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"2023080410300986000_2023.07.31.551289v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.07.31.551289","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:01:04Z","timestamp":1768453264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.07.31.551289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"references-count":77,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.07.31.551289","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1162\/imag_a_00097","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}