{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:41:33Z","timestamp":1777527693603,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"group-title":"Physiology","reference-count":39,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess differences in the pupillary light responses (PLRs) to blue and red evening lights between children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Forty healthy participants (8-9 years, n=21; 15-16 years, n=19) completed a PLR assessment 1 h before their habitual bedtime. After a 1 h dim-light adaptation period (&lt;1 lux), baseline pupil diameter was measured in darkness for 30 s, followed by a 10 s exposure to 3.0\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    photons\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/s of either red (627 nm) or blue (459 nm) light, and a 40 s recovery in darkness to assess pupillary re-dilation. Subsequently, participants underwent 7 min of dim-light re-adaptation followed by an exposure to the other light condition. Lights were counterbalanced across participants.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Across both age groups, maximum pupil constriction was significantly greater (p&lt; 0.001, \u03b7\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =0.48) and more sustained (p&lt; 0.001, \u03b7\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =0.41) during exposure to blue compared to red light. For adolescents, the post-illumination pupillary response (PIPR), a hallmark of melanopsin function, was larger after blue compared with red light (p= 0.02, d=0.60). This difference was not observed in children. Across light exposures, children had larger phasic (p&lt; 0.01, \u03b7\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =0.20) and maximal (p&lt; 0.01, \u03b7\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =0.22) pupil constrictions compared to adolescents.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blue light elicited a greater and more sustained pupillary response than red light across participants. However, the overall amplitude of the rod\/cone-driven phasic response was greater in children than in adolescents. Our findings using the PLR highlight a higher sensitivity to evening light in children compared to adolescents, and continued maturation of the human non-visual photoreception\/system throughout development.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.09.552691","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T11:25:20Z","timestamp":1692012320000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differences in the Pupillary Responses to Evening Light between Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Hartstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7581-5701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique K.","family":"LeBourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5552-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark T.","family":"Durniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3770-2300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond P.","family":"Najjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067262"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730411409719"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730405278951"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn768"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0330"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.10.012"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25378-w","article-title":"The retinal ipRGC-preoptic circuit mediates the acute effect of light on sleep","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0161175","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161175","article-title":"Rhodopsin and melanopsin contributions to the early redilation phase of the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR)","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.12.016"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-011-0116-1"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.02.007"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319938"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.02.024"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14116","article-title":"Retinal neural dysfunction in diabetes revealed with handheld chromatic pupillometry","volume":"50","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00023.x"},{"key":"2023081708001788000_2023.08.09.552691v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daluwatte C , Miles JH , Christ SE , et al. 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