{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T20:25:05Z","timestamp":1768508705729,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":55,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Minimally invasive neuromodulation therapies like the Injectrode, which is composed of a tightly wound polymer-coated platinum\/iridium microcoil, offer a low-risk approach for administering electrical stimulation to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). This flexible electrode is aimed to conform to the DRG. The stimulation occurs through a transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) patch, which subsequently transmits the stimulation to the Injectrode via a subcutaneous metal collector. However, effectiveness of stimulation relies on the specific geometrical configurations of the Injectrode-collector-patch system. Hence, there is a need to investigate which design parameters influence the activation of targeted neural structures.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Approach<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We employed a hybrid computational modeling approach to analyze the impact of the Injectrode system design parameters on charge delivery and the neural response to stimulation. We constructed multiple finite element method models of DRG stimulation and multi-compartment models of DRG neurons. We simulated the neural responses using parameters based on prior acute preclinical experiments. Additionally, we developed multiple human-scale computational models of DRG stimulation to investigate how design parameters like Injectrode size and orientation influenced neural activation thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings were in accordance with acute experimental measurements and indicated that the Injectrode system predominantly engages large-diameter afferents (A\u03b2-fibers). These activation thresholds were contingent upon the surface area of the Injectrode. As the charge density decreased due to increasing surface area, there was a corresponding expansion in the stimulation amplitude range before triggering any pain-related mechanoreceptor (A\u03b4-fibers) activity.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Injectrode demonstrates potential as a viable technology for minimally invasive stimulation of the DRG. Our findings indicate that utilizing a larger surface area Injectrode enhances the therapeutic margin, effectively distinguishing the desired A\u03b2 activation from the undesired A\u03b4-fiber activation.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.20.558675","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T13:39:00Z","timestamp":1695389940000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computational modeling of dorsal root ganglion stimulation using an Injectrode"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Sauradeep","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nishant","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James K.","family":"Trevathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Nieuwoudt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee E.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Shoffstall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kip A.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott F.","family":"Lempka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.7441"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.03.009"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.07.008"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.02.016"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13211"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3699.971"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196707000-00025"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12172","article-title":"Bishop S: Current challenges in spinal cord stimulation","volume":"17","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2018.10.005"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00097"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00135-9"},{"key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.13.3.203"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12217","article-title":"Lack of body positional effects on paresthesias when stimulating the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in the treatment of chronic pain","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1206817","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglion stimulation approval by the Food and Drug Administration: Advice on evolving the process","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023092608500439000_2023.09.20.558675v1.15","first-page":"293","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion for groin pain - 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