{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:41:00Z","timestamp":1768567260002,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"group-title":"HIV\/AIDS","reference-count":41,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The immunogenic nature of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines led to some initial concern that these could stimulate the HIV reservoir. We analyzed changes in plasma HIV loads (pVL) and reservoir size following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in 62 people with HIV (PWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), and analyzed province-wide trends in pVL before and after the mass vaccination campaign.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Longitudinal observational cohort and province-wide analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>62 participants were sampled pre-vaccination, and one month after their first and second COVID-19 immunizations. Vaccine-induced anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike antibodies in serum were measured using the Roche Elecsys Anti-S assay. HIV reservoirs were quantified using the Intact Proviral DNA Assay; pVL were measured using the cobas 6800 (LLOQ:20 copies\/mL). The province-wide analysis included all 290,401 pVL performed in British Columbia, Canada between 2012-2022.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pre-vaccination, the median intact reservoir size was 77 (IQR:20-204) HIV copies\/million CD4+ T-cells, compared to 74 (IQR:27-212) and 65 (IQR:22-174) post-first and -second dose, respectively (all comparisons p&gt;0.07). Pre-vaccination, 82% of participants had pVL&lt;20 copies\/mL (max:110 copies\/mL), compared to 79% post-first dose (max:183 copies\/mL) and 85% post-second dose (max:79 copies\/mL) (p&gt;0.4). The magnitude of the vaccine-elicited anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike antibody response did not correlate with changes in reservoir size nor detectable pVL frequency (p&gt;0.6). We found no evidence linking the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign to population-level increases in detectable pVL frequency among all PWH in the province, nor among those who maintained pVL suppression on ART.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found no evidence that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines induced changes in HIV reservoir size nor plasma viremia.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.08.23296718","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T15:30:26Z","timestamp":1696865426000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination on HIV viremia and reservoir size"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3734-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggie C.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0940-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. Harrison","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8729-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie N.","family":"Kinloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6847-9156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hope R.","family":"Lapointe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Speckmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Moran-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9281-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari L.","family":"DeMarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2760-1768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2189-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel T.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9320-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher F.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nic","family":"Bacani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6411-8089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Sereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-5986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolando","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6017-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc G.","family":"Romney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6201-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio S.G.","family":"Montaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanson J.","family":"Brumme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6432-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark A.","family":"Brockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zabrina L.","family":"Brumme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.1","first-page":"e2095","article-title":"Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Related Hospitalization Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the ISARIC World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Characterization Protocol (UK): A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"73","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2037069","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37069","article-title":"COVID-19 Outcomes Among Persons Living With or Without Diagnosed HIV Infection in New York State","volume":"4","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30305-2"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003017","article-title":"Safety and antibody response to two-dose SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccination in persons with HIV","volume":"35","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00452-6"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac238"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32263-7","article-title":"Immunogenicity to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine third dose in people living with HIV","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac796","article-title":"Booster Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Induces Potent Immune Responses in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"76","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003429","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity in people with HIV","volume":"37","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003469","article-title":"Antibody response durability following three-dose coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in people with HIV receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"37","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F25","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003680","article-title":"Antibody neutralization capacity after coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in people with HIV in Canada","volume":"37","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03577-w","article-title":"Intention to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccine by HIV Status Among a Population-Based Sample of Women and Gender Diverse Individuals in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"26","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121458","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccination in People Living with HIV (PLWH) in China: A Cross Sectional Study of Vaccine Hesitancy, Safety, and Immunogenicity","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14961-5","article-title":"Willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine among HIV positive men who have sex with men in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33995","DOI":"10.2196\/33995","article-title":"Reasons for COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Chinese People Living With HIV\/AIDS: Structural Equation Modeling Analysis","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001201","article-title":"Standard vaccines increase HIV-1 transcription during antiretroviral therapy","volume":"30","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960100470","article-title":"Effect of Pneumococcal Vaccine on Plasma HIV-1 RNA of Stable Patients Undergoing Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"20","year":"2001","journal-title":"EJCMID"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2011.00961.x","article-title":"Strong serological responses and HIV RNA increase following AS03-adjuvanted pandemic immunization in HIV-infected patients","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"HIV Medicine"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315260"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00389-8"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.05.046"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1355245"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00103-X","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV infection: a single-arm substudy of a phase 2\/3 clinical trial","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.10.021","article-title":"Transient increase in plasma HIV RNA after COVID-19 vaccination with mRNA-1272","volume":"113","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.07.031","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in people living with HIV-1","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107915","article-title":"Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and their effect on HIV reservoir in older people with HIV","volume":"26","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2022.0182","article-title":"Does COVID-19 Vaccination with BNT162b2 Influence HIV-Related Immunological and Virological Markers? Data from 235 Persons Living with HIV at Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy: Immune Response After Second and Third Doses, and Influence on Immunovirological Markers","volume":"36","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4417076"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820126","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.820126","article-title":"Impact on HIV-1 RNA Levels and Antibody Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in HIV-Infected Individuals","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32376-z","article-title":"SARS CoV-2 mRNA vaccination exposes latent HIV to Nef-specific CD8+ T-cells","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0898-8"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20442-3","article-title":"HIV-1 diversity considerations in the application of the Intact Proviral DNA Assay (IPDA)","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.34","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian report on COVID-19 vaccine doses administered. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2023. https:\/\/health-infobase.canada.ca\/covid-19\/vaccine-administration\/ (accessed 20 Sep2023)."},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.35","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian COVID-19 vaccination coverage report. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; 2023. https:\/\/health-infobase.canada.ca\/covid-19\/vaccination-coverage\/ (accessed 18 Sep2023)."},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.36","unstructured":"Little N. COVID-19 Tracker Canada. 2020.COVID19Tracker.ca"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1530509100"},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.38","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. NACI rapid response: Extended dose intervals for COVID-19 vaccines to optimize early vaccine rollout and population protection in Canada. Public Health Agency of Canada; 2021. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/immunization\/national-advisory-committee-on-immunization-naci\/rapid-response-extended-dose-intervals-covid-19-vaccines-early-rollout-population-protection.html (accessed 7 Sep2023)."},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.39","unstructured":"The Committee for Drug Evaluation and Therapy. Therapeutic Guidelines for Antiretroviral (ARV) Treatment of Adult HIV Infection. British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS; 2023."},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.40","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. HIV Clinical Guidelines: Adult and Adolescent ARV - What\u2019s New in the Guidelines. Department of Health and Human Services; 2023."},{"key":"2023101212400639000_2023.10.08.23296718v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20210093"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.10.08.23296718","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:42:42Z","timestamp":1768506162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.10.08.23296718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.10.08.23296718","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003841","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}