{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T20:29:11Z","timestamp":1768508951830,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":29,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Advances in Digital Light Processing (DLP) based (bio) printers have made printing of intricate structures at high resolution possible using a wide range of photosensitive bioinks. A typical setup of a DLP bioprinter includes a vat or reservoir filled with liquid bioink, which presents challenges in terms of cost associated with bioink synthesis, high waste, and gravity-induced cell settling, contaminations, or variation in bioink viscosity during the printing process. Here, we report a vat-free, low-volume, waste-free droplet bioprinting method capable of rapidly printing 3D soft structures at high resolution using model bioinks. A multiphase many-body dissipative particle dynamics (mDPD) model was developed to simulate the dynamic process of droplet-based DLP printing and elucidate the roles of surface wettability and bioink viscosity. Process variables such as light intensity, photo-initiator concentration, and bioink formulations were optimized to print 3D soft structures (\u223c0.4 to 3 kPa) with an XY resolution of 38 \u00b1 1.5 \u03bcm and Z resolution of 237\u00b15.4 \u03bcm. To demonstrate its versatility, droplet bioprinting was used to print a range of acellular 3D structures such as a lattice cube, a Mayan pyramid, a heart-shaped structure, and a microfluidic chip with endothelialized channels. Droplet bioprinting, performed using model C3H\/10T1\/2 cells, exhibited high viability (90%) and cell spreading. Additionally, microfluidic devices with internal channel network lined with endothelial cells showed robust monolayer formation while osteoblast-laden constructs showed mineral deposition upon osteogenic induction. Overall, droplet bioprinting could be a low-cost, no-waste, easy-to-use, method to make customized bioprinted constructs for a range of biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.18.567660","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T23:50:12Z","timestamp":1700351412000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Droplet bioprinting of acellular and cell-laden structures at high-resolutions"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Puskal","family":"Kunwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ujjwal","family":"Aryal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Fougnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary J","family":"Geffert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pranav","family":"Soman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1039\/C7BM00765E","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1028-0"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202002103"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.01.048"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.09.048","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201202024","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2019.0166","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"3D Print Addit Manuf"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30780","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c04661","volume":"15","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.12.544584"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b19431","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav9750"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.270"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.14","first-page":"12","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Bioprint"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/abc8de"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201900656"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.17","first-page":"52","volume":"91","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.7.103602"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0065538"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202001217"},{"key":"2023112112300742000_2023.11.18.567660v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. 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