{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T09:11:43Z","timestamp":1768554703254,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":48,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Older adults have difficulty maintaining balance when faced with postural disturbances, a task that is influenced by the stiffness of the triceps surae and Achilles tendon. Age-related changes in Achilles tendon stiffness have been reported at matched levels of effort, but measures typically have not been made at matched loads, which is important due to age-dependent changes in strength. Moreover, age-dependent changes in muscle stiffness have yet to be tested. Here, we investigate how age alters muscle and tendon stiffness and their influence on ankle stiffness. We hypothesized that age-related changes in muscle and tendon contribute to reduced ankle stiffness in older adults and evaluated this hypothesis when either load or effort were matched. We used B-mode ultrasound with joint-level perturbations to quantify ankle, muscle, and tendon stiffness across a range of loads and efforts in seventeen healthy younger and older adults. At matched loads, there was no significant difference in ankle, muscle, or tendon stiffness between groups (all p&gt;0.13). However, at matched effort, older adults exhibited a significant decrease in ankle (27%; p=0.008), muscle (37%; p=0.02), and tendon stiffness (22%; p=0.03) at 30% of maximum effort. This is consistent with our finding that older adults were 36% weaker than younger adults in plantarflexion (p=0.004). Together these results indicate that, at the loads tested in this study, there are no age-dependent changes in the mechanical properties of muscle or tendon, only differences in strength that result in altered ankle, muscle, and tendon stiffness at matched levels of effort.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sc>ew and<\/jats:sc>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sc>oteworthy<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We provide the first simultaneous estimates of ankle, muscle, and tendon stiffness in younger and older adults. In contrast to earlier conclusions, we found that muscle and tendon mechanical properties are unaffected by age when compared at matched loads. However, due to age-related decreases in strength, mechanical properties do differ at matched efforts. As such, it is important to assess the relevance of the comparisons being made relative to the functional tasks under consideration.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.25.568676","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T22:00:16Z","timestamp":1701036016000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["At matched loads, aging does not alter ankle, muscle, or tendon stiffness"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-8353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen L.","family":"Jakubowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0268-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ludvig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9238-0674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina S.M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9860-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Perreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023112807101000000_2023.11.25.568676v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000080","article-title":"Aging changes the contribution of spinal and corticospinal pathways to control balance","volume":"44","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exercise and sport sciences reviews"},{"key":"2023112807101000000_2023.11.25.568676v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2020.102438","article-title":"Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: Amplitude normalization matrix","volume":"53","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"key":"2023112807101000000_2023.11.25.568676v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.11.003"},{"key":"2023112807101000000_2023.11.25.568676v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coombes BK , Tucker K , Hug F , and Dick TJ . Age-related differences in gastrocnemii muscles and Achilles tendon mechanical properties in vivo. 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