{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:46:58Z","timestamp":1768567618707,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"group-title":"Epidemiology","reference-count":64,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diverse pathogens (viral, bacterial, fungal) have been linked to Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) indicating a possibility that the culprit may be compromised immunity rather than particular microbe. If true, then vaccines with broad beneficial effects on immunity might be protective against AD.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We estimated associations of common adult infections, including herpes simplex, zoster (shingles), pneumonia, and recurrent mycoses, as well as vaccinations against shingles and pneumonia, with the risk of AD in a pseudorandomized sample of the Health and Retirement Study.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Shingles, pneumonia, and mycoses diagnosed between ages 65-75, were all associated with higher risk of AD later in life, by 16%-42%. Pneumococcal and shingles vaccines received between ages 65-75 both lowered the risk of AD, by 15%-21%.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results support the idea that the connection between AD and infections involves compromised immunity rather than specific pathogen. We discuss mechanisms by which the declining immune surveillance may promote AD, and the role of biological aging in it. Repurposing of vaccines with broad beneficial effects on immunity could be a reasonable approach to AD prevention. Pneumococcal and zoster vaccines are promising candidates for such repurposing.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.04.23299092","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T02:30:30Z","timestamp":1701743430000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Associations of infections and vaccines with Alzheimer\u2019s disease point to a major role of compromised immunity rather than specific pathogen in AD"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Ukraintseva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arseniy P.","family":"Yashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Akushevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Arbeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongzhe","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Gorbunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Stallard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anatoliy","family":"Yashin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023120712250947000_2023.12.04.23299092v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3040"},{"key":"2023120712250947000_2023.12.04.23299092v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12477"},{"key":"2023120712250947000_2023.12.04.23299092v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00362","article-title":"Role of Microbes in the Development of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: State of the Art - An International Symposium Presented at the 2017 IAGG Congress in San Francisco","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2023120712250947000_2023.12.04.23299092v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0323-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023120712250947000_2023.12.04.23299092v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142853","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Other Pathogens are Key Causative Factors in Sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"48","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2023120712250947000_2023.12.04.23299092v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.522"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023120712250947000_2023.12.04.23299092v1.7","first-page":"957","article-title":"Bacterial infection and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"43","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2023120712250947000_2023.12.04.23299092v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15015"},{"key":"2023120712250947000_2023.12.04.23299092v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komaroff, A.L. , P.E. 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