{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T20:02:22Z","timestamp":1768507342841,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"group-title":"Genomics","reference-count":105,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Delay discounting refers to the behavioral tendency to devalue rewards as a function of their delay in receipt. Heightened delay discounting has been associated with substance use disorders, as well as multiple co-occurring psychopathologies. Genetic studies in humans and animal models have established that delay discounting is a heritable trait, but only a few specific genes have been associated with delay discounting. Here, we aimed to identify novel genetic loci associated with delay discounting through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Heterogenous Stock rats, a genetically diverse outbred population derived from eight inbred founder strains. We assessed delay discounting in 650 male and female rats using an adjusting amount procedure in which rats chose between smaller immediate sucrose rewards or a larger reward at variable delays. Preference switch points were calculated for each rat and both exponential and hyperbolic functions were fitted to these indifference points. Area under the curve (AUC) and the discounting parameter\n                  <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                  of both functions were used as delay discounting measures. GWAS for AUC, exponential\n                  <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and indifference points for a short delay identified significant loci on chromosomes 20 and 14. The gene\n                  <jats:italic>Slc35f1,<\/jats:italic>\n                  which encodes a member of the solute carrier family of nucleoside sugar transporters, was the only gene within the chromosome 20 locus. That locus also contained an eQTL for\n                  <jats:italic>Slc35f1<\/jats:italic>\n                  , suggesting that heritable differences in the expression of that gene might be responsible for the association with behavior. The gene\n                  <jats:italic>Adgrl3<\/jats:italic>\n                  , which encodes a member of the latrophilin family of G-protein coupled receptors, was the only gene within the chromosome 14 locus. These findings implicate novel genes in delay discounting and highlight the need for further exploration.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.12.570851","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T13:35:23Z","timestamp":1702474523000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-wide association study of delay discounting in Heterogenous Stock rats"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montana Kay","family":"Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1709-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apurva S.","family":"Chitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6541-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7269-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin B.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3939-7773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khai-Minh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0717-0507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakina A.","family":"Muckadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6006-2996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shae","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4388-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Beeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7943-798X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah C.","family":"Solberg Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oksana","family":"Polesskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3634-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham A.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0225-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne H.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2011.96-423"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005481"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell SH , de Wit H. Impulsivity. In: Stolerman IP , Price LH , eds. Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2015:789-795.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36172-2_45"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291721002282"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000263"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_128"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620938160"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13535"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2229-0"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2102"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2016.01.007"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02347.x"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2003.36-449"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1552"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0376-8716(00)00188-5"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716000866"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2013.06.089"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-023-00167-y"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504260902869147"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-010-9384-7"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.10.022"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0032-x"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12773"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2009.00484.x"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12050"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12848"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2662-18.2019"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005491"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1094218"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.013"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0074-9"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.12.029"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1003074"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22927"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1029058"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.790566"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1984.tb05706.x"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9581-3_11"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-021-00306-x"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.128"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.318"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.43","first-page":"55","article-title":"An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc","volume":"5","year":"1987","journal-title":"Quantitative analyses of behavior"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2008.12.017"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2015.03.006"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616664342"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.219"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2001.76-235"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40732-017-0220-9"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182353"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23668\/psycharchives.13032"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10818-021-09313-z"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.20180028"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.56","first-page":"140","article-title":"Recent Developments in Intertemporal Choice Theory","volume":"72","year":"2021","journal-title":"Economic Review"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2010.02.017"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.58","unstructured":"National Research Council Committee for the Update of the Guide for the C, Use of Laboratory A. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Academies Press (US) Copyright \u00a9 2011, National Academy of Sciences.; 2011."},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2008.00406.x"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1997.67-353"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0830s66"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.03.044"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags059"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2967612"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3594"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.11.011"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.113.007948"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.146332"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac912"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.12.009"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31137"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1650-04.2004"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1093-0"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-019-03008-8"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.24.91"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.035600"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2014.75"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62203"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.040"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04434-5"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01016-z"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12095"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-023-02629-8"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.6"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31141"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0396-7"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021275"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1463-3"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2015.06.024"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104494"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.29"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.04.053"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac972"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.11.008"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0309-3"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05477-4"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00908-3"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12800"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.128.1.78"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madden G , Johnson P. A delay-discounting primer. In: Madden G , Bickel WK , eds. Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. American Psychological Association; 2010:11\u201337.","DOI":"10.1037\/12069-001"},{"key":"2023121511151584000_2023.12.12.570851v1.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-019-00218-x"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.12.12.570851","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:39:38Z","timestamp":1768455578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.12.12.570851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"references-count":105,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.12.12.570851","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}