{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:34:51Z","timestamp":1768566891174,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":20,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Recent studies point to the need to incorporate non-falciparum species detection into malaria surveillance activities in sub-Saharan Africa, where 95% of malaria cases occur. Although\n                  <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection is typically more severe, diagnosis, treatment, and control for\n                  <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                  spp., and\n                  <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                  may be more challenging. The prevalence of these species throughout sub-Saharan Africa is poorly defined. Tanzania has geographically heterogeneous transmission levels but an overall high malaria burden. In order to estimate the prevalence of malaria species in Mainland Tanzania, 1,428 samples were randomly selected from 6,005 asymptomatic isolates collected in cross-sectional community surveys across four regions and analyzed via qPCR to detect each\n                  <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                  species.\n                  <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                  was most prevalent, with\n                  <jats:italic>P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                  spp. detected at lower prevalence (&lt;5%) in all four regions.\n                  <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                  was not detected. Malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania will need to account for these non-falciparum species.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.28.23300584","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T10:40:16Z","timestamp":1703932816000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Malaria species prevalence among asymptomatic individuals in four regions of Mainland Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5975-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary R.","family":"Popkin Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6743-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Misago D.","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashid A.","family":"Madebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rule","family":"Budodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8710-1765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Bakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1000-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filbert","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2813-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dativa","family":"Pereus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2498-4705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Giesbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4317-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celine I.","family":"Mandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mbwambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sijenunu","family":"Aaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Lusasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samwel","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6899-8204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0591-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Juliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6769-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie R.","family":"Gutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2040-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deus S.","family":"Ishengoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World malaria report 2022. Geneva; 2022."},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(21)00009-4"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix686","article-title":"Emergence of Nonfalciparum Plasmodium Infection Despite Regular Artemisinin Combination Therapy in an 18-Month Longitudinal Study of Ugandan Children and Their Mothers","volume":"217","author":"cited 2022 Mar 31","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis [Internet]. Oxford Academic"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007414"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plasmodium malariae contributes to high levels of malaria transmission in a forest\u2013savannah transition area in Cameroon. Parasites Vectors 2023 161","volume":"16","author":"cited 2023 Jan 30","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Central"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.6","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Similar Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Non-P. falciparum Malaria Infections among Schoolchildren","volume":"29","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 [Internet]. Geneva; 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/9789241564991\/en\/"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.8","first-page":"56","article-title":"Seasonality and transmissibility of Plasmodium ovale in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Parasit Vectors [Internet]","volume":"15","author":"cited 2022 Feb 16","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Central"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.9","first-page":"570","article-title":"Plasmodium ovale: Parasite and disease. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]","volume":"18","author":"cited 2022 Mar 31","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Society for Microbiology"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plasmodium malariae, current knowledge and future research opportunities on a neglected malaria parasite species","volume":"0","author":"cited 2021 Jan 29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol [Internet]. Taylor & Francis"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087169"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popkin-Hall ZR , Seth MD , Madebe RA , Budodo R , Bakari C , Francis F , et al. Malaria species positivity rates among symptomatic individuals across regions of differing transmission intensities in Mainland Tanzania. medRxiv [Internet]. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 8];2023 .09.19.23295562. Available from: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2023.09.19.23295562v1","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.19.23295562"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogier E , Battle N , Bakari C , Seth MD , Nace D , Herman C , et al. Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions among patients enrolled at 100 health facilities throughout Tanzania: February to July 2021. medRxiv [Internet]. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 7];2023.07.29.23293322. Available from: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2023.07.29.23293322v1","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.29.23293322"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Women attending antenatal care as a sentinel surveillance population for malaria in Geita region, Tanzania: feasibility and acceptability to women and providers. Malar J [Internet]","volume":"22","author":"cited 2023 Jul 24","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Central Ltd"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using antenatal care as a platform for malaria surveillance data collection: study protocol","volume":"22","author":"cited 2023 Jul 24","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar J [Internet]. BioMed Central Ltd"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.16","unstructured":"Massicotte P , South A. rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=rnaturalearth"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.17","first-page":"23","article-title":"High prevalence of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale in co-infections with Plasmodium falciparum in asymptomatic malaria parasite carriers in southwestern Nigeria. Int J Parasitol [Internet]","volume":"52","author":"cited 2023 May 4","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pergamon"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00072-4","article-title":"Sources of persistent malaria transmission in a setting with effective malaria control in eastern Uganda: a longitudinal, observational cohort study","volume":"21","author":"cited 2021 Jul 12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. Elsevier"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.19","first-page":"e0134061","article-title":"School-Age Children Are a Reservoir of Malaria Infection in Malawi. PLoS One [Internet]","volume":"10","author":"cited 2023 May 4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Library of Science"},{"key":"2024010921071607000_2023.12.28.23300584v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Q , Yan W , Qin C , Du M , Liu M , Liu J . Millions of excess cases and thousands of excess deaths of malaria occurred globally in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Glob Health [Internet]. 2022;12:05045. Available from: https:\/\/jogh.org\/2022\/jogh-12-05045","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.05045"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.12.28.23300584","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:47:29Z","timestamp":1768506449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2023.12.28.23300584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"references-count":20,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.12.28.23300584","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}