{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:15:27Z","timestamp":1776723327669,"version":"3.51.2"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":110,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Lyme disease is a tick-borne infection caused by the spirochete\n                  <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                  (\n                  <jats:italic>Borreliella<\/jats:italic>\n                  )\n                  <jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                  .\n                  <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                  species have highly fragmented genomes composed of a linear chromosome and a constellation of linear and circular plasmids some of which are required throughout the enzootic cycle. Included in this plasmid repertoire by almost all Lyme disease spirochetes are the 32-kb circular plasmid cp32 prophages that are capable of lytic replication to produce infectious virions called \u03d5BB-1. While the\n                  <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                  genome contains evidence of horizontal transfer, the mechanisms of gene transfer between strains remain unclear. While we know that \u03d5BB-1 transduces cp32 and shuttle vector DNA during\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  cultivation, the extent of \u03d5BB-1 DNA transfer is not clear. Herein, we use proteomics and long-read sequencing to further characterize \u03d5BB-1 virions. Our studies identified the cp32\n                  <jats:italic>pac<\/jats:italic>\n                  region and revealed that \u03d5BB-1 packages linear cp32s via a headful mechanism with preferentially packaging of plasmids containing the cp32\n                  <jats:italic>pac<\/jats:italic>\n                  region. Additionally, we find \u03d5BB-1 packages fragments of the linear chromosome and full-length plasmids including lp54, cp26, and others. Furthermore, sequencing of \u03d5BB-1 packaged DNA allowed us to resolve the covalently closed hairpin telomeres for the linear\n                  <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                  chromosome and most linear plasmids in strain CA-11.2A. Collectively, our results shed light on the biology of the ubiquitous \u03d5BB-1 phage and further implicates \u03d5BB-1 in the generalized transduction of diverse genes and the maintenance of genetic diversity in Lyme disease spirochetes.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.08.574763","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T02:38:34Z","timestamp":1704854314000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization and genomic analysis of the Lyme disease spirochete bacteriophage \u03d5BB-1"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Dominick R.","family":"Faith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margie","family":"Kinnersley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diane M.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Drecktrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Santiago-Frangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Wachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. 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