{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:26:40Z","timestamp":1783542400653,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"group-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology","reference-count":42,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Trauma and stressor-related symptoms have been frequently reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. Few studies compare post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) between patients and non-infected controls. Using data from an ongoing natural history study of COVID-19, this study compared PTSS between patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the first year of the pandemic and controls. Within the COVID-19 patient cohort, we also compared PTSS between patients with and without post-COVID conditions, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). This study also examined the association of PTSS with trait resilience and prior trauma exposure. PTSS were assessed using the Impact of Event Scaled-Revised (IES-R), which has a validated probable PTSD cutoff (score \u226533). The results showed that patients (n=131) reported significantly higher IES-R scores than controls (n=82) and had significantly higher odds of having scores indicative of PTSD [AOR: 4.17\n                  <jats:italic>p:<\/jats:italic>\n                  0.029]. IES-R scores among PASC patients (n=68) were significantly elevated compared to patients without PASC (n=63) and PASC patients did not have higher odds for probable PTSD [AOR: 2.60;\n                  <jats:italic>p:<\/jats:italic>\n                  0.14]. Trait resilience was associated with lower PTSS. These findings help characterize the mental health impact of the COVID-19 illness experience and highlight elevated PTSS in patients with persistent post-COVID conditions.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.21.24301574","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T01:20:19Z","timestamp":1705972819000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pandemic-Related Post-traumatic Stress Symptomatology in COVID-19 Patients with and without Post-COVID Conditions"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5938-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily P.","family":"Guinee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-1369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haniya","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5304-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth D.","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7906-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob S.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Jason","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2816-7905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Sneller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8255-7440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce Y.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-021-00102-y"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amp.2022.01.020"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22701"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.12.054"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22762"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.01.011"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240146"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03903-5"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113599"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03076-7"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.010"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932a1"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042079"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m13641"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2553-z"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33704"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.782478"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.863698"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0109"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.019"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03874-7"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.27","unstructured":"Organization, W. H . (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates."},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.52"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.38804"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnurr, P. , Vielhauer, M. , Weathers, F. , & Findler, M . (1999). The Brief Trauma Questionnaire (BTQ).","DOI":"10.1037\/t07488-000"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-4905"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30462-4"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06731-7"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0073-x"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01223-w"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22594"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.38","unstructured":"Weiss, D. S. , & Marmar, C. R . (1996). The Impact of Event Scale - Revised. In J. K. Wilson , T.M. (Ed.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399\u2013411). Guilford."},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068993"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.665507"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.104136"},{"key":"2024012409300723000_2024.01.21.24301574v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0458"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.01.21.24301574","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:49:13Z","timestamp":1768506553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.01.21.24301574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.01.21.24301574","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}