{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T20:15:36Z","timestamp":1768508136976,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":79,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Mutations in\n                  <jats:italic>presenilin-1 (PSEN1)<\/jats:italic>\n                  are the most common cause of familial, early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), typically producing cognitive deficits in the fourth decade. A variant of\n                  <jats:italic>APOE, APOE3 Christchurch (APOE3ch)<\/jats:italic>\n                  , was found associated with protection from both cognitive decline and Tau accumulation in a 70-year-old bearing the disease-causing\n                  <jats:italic>PSEN1-E280A<\/jats:italic>\n                  mutation. The amino acid change in ApoE3ch is within the heparan sulfate (HS) binding domain of APOE, and purified APOEch showed dramatically reduced affinity for heparin, a highly sulfated form of HS. The physiological significance of\n                  <jats:italic>ApoE3ch<\/jats:italic>\n                  is supported by studies of a mouse bearing a knock-in of this human variant and its effects on microglia reactivity and A\u03b2-induced Tau deposition. The studies reported here examine the function of heparan sulfate-modified proteoglycans (HSPGs) in cellular and molecular pathways affecting AD-related cell pathology in human cell lines and mouse astrocytes. The mechanisms of HSPG influences on\n                  <jats:italic>presenilin-<\/jats:italic>\n                  dependent cell loss and pathology were evaluated in\n                  <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  using knockdown of the presenilin homolog,\n                  <jats:italic>Psn<\/jats:italic>\n                  , together with partial loss of function of\n                  <jats:italic>sulfateless (sfl)<\/jats:italic>\n                  , a homolog of\n                  <jats:italic>NDST1<\/jats:italic>\n                  , a gene specifically affecting HS sulfation. HSPG modulation of autophagy, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism were shown to be conserved in cultured human cell lines,\n                  <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and mouse astrocytes. RNAi of\n                  <jats:italic>Ndst1<\/jats:italic>\n                  reduced intracellular lipid levels in wild-type mouse astrocytes or those expressing humanized variants of\n                  <jats:italic>APOE, APOE3<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and\n                  <jats:italic>APOE4<\/jats:italic>\n                  . RNA-sequence analysis of human cells deficient in HS synthesis demonstrated effects on the transcriptome governing lipid metabolism, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis and showed significant enrichment in AD susceptibility genes identified by GWAS. Neuron-directed knockdown of\n                  <jats:italic>Psn<\/jats:italic>\n                  in\n                  <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  produced cell loss in the brain and behavioral phenotypes, both suppressed by simultaneous reductions in\n                  <jats:italic>sfl<\/jats:italic>\n                  mRNA levels. Abnormalities in mitochondria, liposome morphology, and autophagosome-derived structures in animals with\n                  <jats:italic>Psn<\/jats:italic>\n                  knockdown were also rescued by simultaneous reduction of\n                  <jats:italic>sfl. sfl<\/jats:italic>\n                  knockdown reversed\n                  <jats:italic>Psn-<\/jats:italic>\n                  dependent transcript changes in genes affecting lipid transport, metabolism, and monocarboxylate carriers. These findings support the direct involvement of HSPGs in AD pathogenesis.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.23.576895","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T15:55:12Z","timestamp":1706198112000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Heparan sulfate modified proteins affect cellular processes central to neurodegeneration and modulate\n                  <i>presenilin<\/i>\n                  function"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Schultheis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kapral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert 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