{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:45:21Z","timestamp":1783507521577,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":56,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Diarrheal diseases are the second leading cause of death in children worldwide. Epidemiological studies show that co-infection with\n                  <jats:italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  decreases the severity of diarrhea. Here, we show that\n                  <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                  is highly prevalent in the stools of asymptomatic school-aged children. It orchestrates a Th2 mucosal immune response, characterized by increased antigen-specific Th2 cells, IL-25, Type 2-associated cytokines, and goblet cell hyperplasia.\n                  <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection expanded IL-10-producing Th2 and GATA3\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  Treg cells that promoted chronic carriage, parasite transmission, and conferred protection against\n                  <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                  -induced lethal ileitis and DSS-driven colitis by downregulating proinflammatory cytokines, decreasing Th1\/Th17 cell frequency, and preventing collateral tissue damage. Protection was dependent on STAT6 signaling, as\n                  <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                  -infected STAT6\n                  <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                  mice no longer regulated intestinal bystander inflammation. Our findings demonstrate that\n                  <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection reshapes mucosal immunity toward a Type 2 response, which confers a mutualistic protection against inflammatory disease processes and identifies a critical role for protists in regulating mucosal defenses.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.02.583119","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T14:30:14Z","timestamp":1709735414000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>Giardia intestinalis<\/i>\n                  reshapes mucosal immunity toward a Type 2 response that attenuates inflammatory bowel-like diseases"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Aline","family":"Sardinha-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro 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