{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:14:22Z","timestamp":1776395662560,"version":"3.51.2"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":82,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Type I Interferons (IFNs) generally have a protective role during viral infections, but their function during bacterial infections is dependent on the bacterial species.\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                  can inhibit type I IFN signaling. Here we examined the role of type I IFN, specifically IFN\u03b2, in the context of\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                  serovar Typhimurium (STm) macrophage infections and the capacity of STm to inhibit type I IFN signaling. We demonstrate that IFN\u03b2 has no effect on the intracellular growth of STm in infected bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) derived from C57BL\/6 mice. STm infection inhibits IFN\u03b2 signaling but not IFN\u03b3 signaling in a murine macrophage cell line. We show that this inhibition is independent of the type III and type VI secretion systems expressed by STm and is also independent of bacterial phagocytosis. The inhibition is Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent as the TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), alone is sufficient to inhibit IFN\u03b2-mediated signaling and STm-infected, TLR4-deficient BMDMs do not exhibit inhibited IFN\u03b2 signaling. In summary, we show that macrophages exposed to STm have reduced IFN\u03b2 signaling via crosstalk with TLR4 signaling, and that IFN\u03b2 signaling does not affect cell autonomous host defense against STm.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.05.583530","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T22:15:26Z","timestamp":1709676926000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                  Typhimurium infection inhibits macrophage IFN\u03b2 signaling in a TLR4-dependent 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