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Further, co-infections with HIV and\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  have severe effects in the host, with people infected with HIV being fifteen to twenty-one times more likely to develop active TB. The use of an appropriate animal model for HIV\/\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  co-infection that can recapitulate the diversity of the immune response in humans would be a useful tool for conducting basic and translational research in HIV\/\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  infections. The present study was focused on developing a humanized mouse model for investigations on HIV-\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  co-infection. Using NSG-SGM3 mice that can engraft human stem cells, our studies showed that they were able to engraft human CD34+ stem cells which then differentiate into a full-lineage of human immune cell subsets. After co-infection with HIV and\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  , these mice showed decrease in CD4+ T cell counts overtime and elevated HIV load in the sera, similar to the infection pattern of humans. Additionally,\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  caused infections in both lungs and spleen, and induced the development of granulomatous lesions in the lungs, detected by CT scan and histopathology. Distinct metabolomic profiles were also observed in the tissues from different mouse groups after co-infections. Our results suggest that the humanized NSG-SGM3 mice are able to recapitulate the effects of HIV and\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  infections and co-infection in the human host at pathological, immunological and metabolism levels, providing a dependable small animal model for studying HIV\/\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  co-infection.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.05.583545","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T23:00:13Z","timestamp":1709852413000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel Humanized Mouse Model for HIV and Tuberculosis Co-infection Studies"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alejandro","family":"Boh\u00f3rquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sitaramaraju","family":"Adduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danish","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahana","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Florence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omoyeni","family":"Adejare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagarjun","family":"Konduru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinnaswamy","family":"Jagannath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8075-5478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guohua","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024031114300619000_2024.03.05.583545v1.1","unstructured":"WHO Global Tuberculosis Report; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2023, 2023."},{"issue":"12","key":"2024031114300619000_2024.03.05.583545v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03491-x","article-title":"Latent Tuberculosis: Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment, Perspectives, and the Crucial Role of Biomarkers","volume":"80","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"2024031114300619000_2024.03.05.583545v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaushal, D. ; Singh, D. 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