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We introduce BrainSPACE, an innovative pipeline for rapid and precise brain tissue banking, to sample visual cortex areas: V1, V2, V4, MT, and TEO. Applying snRNA-seq to V1 and V4 (95,071 nuclei), we uncovered conserved GABAergic neuron profiles but stark area-specific diversity in principal neurons, featuring seven unique layer 4 subtypes in V1 and one in V4. Complementary smFISH validated transcriptional gradients across these areas, aligning with ventral and dorsal stream hierarchies. Gene ontology analyses highlighted plasticity-related pathways in unique layer 4 subtypes, with genes like\n                  <jats:italic>NTNG1<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>NLGN1<\/jats:italic>\n                  linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Our insights bridge molecular architecture to visual processing, offering an interactive atlas for community use. By revealing how layer 4 heterogeneity drives hierarchical specialization, our work advances primate brain mapping and informs therapeutic strategies for vision-related pathologies.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.11.584345","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T12:40:15Z","timestamp":1710333615000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Single-Cell Atlas Uncovers Layer 4 Heterogeneity and Functional Gradients in Rhesus Macaque Visual Cortex"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Dorothee M.","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mykhailo Y.","family":"Batiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"De Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Petukhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wunderle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian J.","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Fries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Khodosevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025092605051566000_2024.03.11.584345v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markov, N. 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