{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T15:01:03Z","timestamp":1775919663587,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":78,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Skin-penetrating nematodes infect nearly one billion people worldwide. The developmentally arrested infective larvae (iL3s) seek out hosts, invade hosts via skin penetration, and resume development inside the host in a process called activation. Activated infective larvae (iL3as) traverse the host body, ending up as parasitic adults in the small intestine. Skin-penetrating nematodes respond to many chemosensory cues, but how chemosensation contributes to host seeking, intra-host development, and intra-host navigation \u2013 three crucial steps of the parasite-host interaction \u2013 remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role of carbon dioxide (CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  ) in promoting parasite-host interactions in the human-infective threadworm\n                  <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                  . We show that\n                  <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                  exhibits life-stage-specific preferences for CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  : iL3s are repelled, non-infective larvae and adults are neutral, and iL3as are attracted. CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  repulsion in iL3s may prime them for host seeking by stimulating dispersal from host feces, while CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  attraction in iL3as may direct worms toward high-CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  areas of the body such as the lungs and intestine. We also identify sensory neurons that detect CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  ; these neurons are depolarized by CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  in iL3s and iL3as. In addition, we demonstrate that the receptor guanylate cyclase\n                  <jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>\n                  -GCY-9 is expressed specifically in CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  -sensing neurons and is required for CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  -evoked behavior\n                  <jats:italic>. Ss<\/jats:italic>\n                  -GCY-9 also promotes activation, indicating that a single receptor can mediate both behavioral and physiological responses to CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  . Our results illuminate chemosensory mechanisms that shape the interaction between parasitic nematodes and their human hosts and may aid in the design of novel anthelmintics that target the CO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  -sensing pathway.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.28.587273","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T22:10:11Z","timestamp":1711923011000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Carbon dioxide shapes parasite-host interactions in a human-infective nematode"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9613-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navonil","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5907-0631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spencer S.","family":"Gang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Castelletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicitas","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0260-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elissa A.","family":"Hallem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003323","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00033-23","article-title":"Human strongyloidiasis: complexities and pathways forward","volume":"36","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, challenges, and the currently available diagnostic tools for the determination of helminths infections in human","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Inflamm"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060468","article-title":"The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05284-w","article-title":"Mapping the global distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms by ecological niche modeling","volume":"15","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-022-00528-z"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60036-6"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1622","article-title":"Intestinal Parasitic Infections in 2023","volume":"16","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Res"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.11.001","article-title":"The yin and yang of human soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"51","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897155","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.897155","article-title":"Community-wide mass drug administration for soil-transmitted helminths - risk of drug resistance and mitigation strategies","volume":"3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001621"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S332378"},{"key":"2024040313051091000_2024.03.28.587273v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viney, M.E. , and Lok, J.B. 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