{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T21:02:09Z","timestamp":1768510929421,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":92,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Ps<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45, a\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    gametocyte surface protein, is a promising candidate for malaria transmission-blocking (TB) vaccine. Due to its relevance for a multispecies vaccine, we explored the cross-reactivity and TB activity of a recombinant\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax Ps<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45 protein (r\n                    <jats:italic>Pvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45) with sera from\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -exposed African donors.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    r\n                    <jats:italic>Pvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45 was produced in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines and tested by ELISA for its cross-reactivity with sera from Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Mali, and Nigeria \u2013 In addition, BALB\/c mice were immunized with the r\n                    <jats:italic>Pvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45 protein formulated in Montanide ISA-51 and inoculated with a crude extract of\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    NF-54 gametocytes to evaluate the parasite-boosting effect on r\n                    <jats:italic>Pvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45 antibody titers. Specific anti-\n                    <jats:italic>rPvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45 IgG purified from African sera was used to evaluate the\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    TB activity on\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum,<\/jats:italic>\n                    using standard mosquito membrane feeding assays (SMFA).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    r\n                    <jats:italic>Pvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45 protein showed cross-reactivity with sera of individuals from all four African countries, in proportions ranging from 94% (Tanzania) to 40% (Nigeria). Also, the level of cross-reactive antibodies varied significantly between countries (p&lt;0.0001), with a higher antibody level in Mali and the lowest in Nigeria. In addition, antibody levels were higher in adults (\u2265 17 years) than young children (\u2264 5 years) in both Mali and Tanzania, with a higher proportion of responders in adults (90%) than in children (61%) (p&lt;0.0001) in Mali, where male (75%) and female (80%) displayed similar antibody responses. Furthermore, immunization of mice with\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    gametocytes boosted anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Pvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45 antibody responses, recognizing\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    gametocytes in indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. Notably, r\n                    <jats:italic>Pvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45 affinity-purified African IgG exhibited a TB activity of 61% against\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in SMFA.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    African sera (exposed only to\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum)<\/jats:italic>\n                    cross-recognized the r\n                    <jats:italic>Pvs<\/jats:italic>\n                    48\/45 protein. This, together with the functional activity of IgG, warrants further studies for the potential development of a\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    cross-protective TB vaccine.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.10.588966","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T10:40:15Z","timestamp":1713177615000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cross-reactivity of r\n                  <i>Pvs<\/i>\n                  48\/45, a recombinant\n                  <i>Plasmodium vivax<\/i>\n                  protein, with sera from\n                  <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                  endemic areas of Africa"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7178-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saidou","family":"Balam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4455-2432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazutoyo","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Ayadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drissa","family":"Konat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Incandela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Agnolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merepen A","family":"Guindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seidina A.S.","family":"Diakit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sope","family":"Olugbile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Issa","family":"Nebie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia M","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2342-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey V.","family":"Kajava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahamadou","family":"Diakit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giampietro","family":"Corradin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Socrates","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3434-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myriam","family":"Arevalo Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024041811450727000_2024.04.10.588966v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00079-12"},{"key":"2024041811450727000_2024.04.10.588966v2.2","unstructured":"Venture, M.f.M ., World Malaria Report 2019. https:\/\/rb.gy\/r7qjbc, 28 November 2019."},{"key":"2024041811450727000_2024.04.10.588966v2.3","unstructured":"WHO, World malaria report 2017. https:\/\/shorturl.at\/optyL, 19 November 2017."},{"key":"2024041811450727000_2024.04.10.588966v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shretta R , Liu J , Cotter C , Cohen J , Dolenz C , Makomva K , et al., Malaria Elimination and Eradication. 2018.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0524-0_ch12"},{"key":"2024041811450727000_2024.04.10.588966v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conn J , Grillet M , Correa M , and Sallum MM . 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