{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:40:00Z","timestamp":1772156400345,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":54,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Circulating T-follicular helper (cT\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) cells have the potential to provide an additional correlate of protection against\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Pf)<\/jats:italic>\n                    as they are essential to promote B-cell production of long-lasting antibodies. Assessing the specificity of cT\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    subsets to individual malaria antigens is vital to understanding the variation observed in antibody responses and identifying promising malaria vaccine candidates.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Using spectral flow cytometry and unbiased clustering analysis, we assessed antigen-specific cT\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    cell recall responses\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    to malaria vaccine candidates\n                    <jats:italic>Pf-<\/jats:italic>\n                    schizont egress antigen-1 (\n                    <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                    SEA-1A) and\n                    <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                    -glutamic acid-rich protein (\n                    <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                    GARP) within a cross-section of children and adults living in a malaria-holoendemic region of western Kenya.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In children, a broad array of cT\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    subsets (defined by cytokine and transcription factor expression) were reactive to both malaria antigens,\n                    <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                    SEA-1A and\n                    <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                    GARP, while adults had a narrow profile centering on cT\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    17- and cT\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    1\/17-like subsets following stimulation with\n                    <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                    GARP only.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Because T\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 cells are involved in the maintenance of memory antibody responses within the context of parasitic infections, our results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                    GARP might generate longer-lived antibody responses compared to\n                    <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                    SEA-1A. These findings have intriguing implications for evaluating malaria vaccine candidates as they highlight the importance of including cT\n                    <jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>\n                    profiles when assessing interdependent correlates of protective immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.13.589352","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:25:15Z","timestamp":1713313515000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["T follicular helper cell profiles differ by malaria antigen and for children compared to adults"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-5546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine S.","family":"Forconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah W.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Odwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunthorn","family":"Pond-Tor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Ong\u2019echa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1032-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Kurtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1113-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann M.","family":"Moormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025021302400773000_2024.04.13.589352v2.1","unstructured":"Geneva: World Health Organization. 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