{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T21:17:06Z","timestamp":1768511826927,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":100,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Clinical outcomes following viral exposures exhibit substantial interindividual variability. Although developing evidence suggests commensal bacteria modulate viral infections, the specific bacteria and mechanisms remain underexplored. Here we define a pathway by which viral infections are inhibited by specific tryptophan-catabolizing bacteria. Using HIV as a model, we bioinformatically associated and experimentally validated several bacterial species that inhibited viral replication. This activity required the aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (ArAT) to metabolize tryptophan into 3-indolelactic acid, which agonizes the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Given that AhR regulates multiple viral infections, we found that commensal bacteria also inhibit cytomegalovirus (CMV) in an ArAT-dependent manner. Finally, we confirmed that ArAT is associated with protection against disease outcomes in three distinct human cohorts at-risk for HIV, CMV, or symptomatic COVID-19. Taken together, our results provide mechanistic insight into how commensal bacteria impact viral infections, thereby adding to an emerging field focused on host\u2013commensal\u2013virus interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.21.589969","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T23:45:11Z","timestamp":1713743111000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Commensal bacteria inhibit viral infections via a tryptophan metabolite"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Danting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Soo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin Yee","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sedem","family":"Dankwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsuan-Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara S.","family":"Theriot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keyi","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Demitrius","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Ardeshir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Bain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Heston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5079-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jillian H.","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazema Y.","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen K. 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