{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:41:17Z","timestamp":1784302877649,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"group-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology","reference-count":74,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies of brain imaging and movements during REM sleep indicate basal ganglia involvement in pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS). Characterizing neurological findings commonly present in patients with PANS could improve diagnostic accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of neurological soft signs which may reflect basal ganglia dysfunction (NSS-BG) in youth presenting with PANS and whether clinical characteristics of PANS correlate with NSS-BG. Design, Setting, and Participants: 135 new patients who were evaluated at the Stanford Children\u2019s Immune Behavioral Health Clinic between November 1, 2014 and March 1, 2020 and met strict PANS criteria were retrospectively reviewed for study inclusion. 16 patients were excluded because they had no neurological exam within the first three visits and within three months of clinical presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The following NSS-BG were recorded from medical record review: 1) glabellar tap reflex, 2) tongue movements, 3) milkmaid\u2019s grip, 4) choreiform movements, 5) spooning, and 6) overflow movements. We included data from prospectively collected symptoms and impairment scales.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study included 119 patients: mean age at PANS onset was 8.2 years, mean age at initial presentation was 10.4 years, 55.5% were male, and 73.9% were non-Hispanic White. At least one NSS-BG was observed in 95\/119 patients (79.8%). Patients had 2.1 NSS-BG on average. Patients with 4 or more NSS-BG had higher scores of global impairment (p=0.052) and more symptoms (p=0.008) than patients with 0 NSS-BG. There was no significant difference in age at visit or reported caregiver burden. On Poisson and linear regression, the number of NSS-BG was associated with global impairment (2.857, 95% CI: 0.092-5.622, p=0.045) and the number of symptoms (1.049, 95% CI: 1.018-1.082, p=0.002), but not age or duration of PANS at presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found a high prevalence of NSS-BG in patients with PANS and an association between NSS-BG and disease severity that is not attributable to younger age. PANS may have a unique NSS-BG profile, suggesting that targeted neurological exams may support PANS diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Question<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Do patients with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome present with neurological soft signs reflective of basal ganglia dysfunction, and are these examination findings associated with disease severity?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cohort study of 119 patients with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome, most patients presented with at least one neurological soft sign pertaining to the basal ganglia. The number of signs was associated with global impairment and the number of PANS symptoms. These findings are consistent with basal ganglia pathology in pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Meaning<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Targeted neurological exams may help support the diagnosis of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.26.24306193","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T15:44:37Z","timestamp":1714491877000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of Neurological Soft Signs at Presentation in Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-6177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane E.","family":"Zebrack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1853-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaynelle","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Verhey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5893-0169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8232-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Stave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahare","family":"Farhadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiqian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo","family":"Thienemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6677-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny L.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7356-5617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Frankovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S362202"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2022.11.004"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.2.281"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814543303"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001268"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.4063"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S300818"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5942"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7222"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.4.585"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00382-z"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140249.97312.76"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00067-2"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.19070698"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80792"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.02.009"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911097117"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0084"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-022-09926-0"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0042"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820552-5.00016-4"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000312"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410030308"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.508552"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820c3052"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14704\/nq.2017.15.3.1117"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.99540"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02496.x"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/080352500750043747"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35460\/2546-1621.2018-0104"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000120"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002012"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199311000-00017"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.185957"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810130029005"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001098"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.38","unstructured":"Denckla MB. Neurological examination. In: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. American Psychiatric Press; 1989:107\u2013115."},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195182224.003.0005"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0109-y"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.41","unstructured":"Segawa M , Katoh J , Nomura Y. Neurology: as a window to brainstem disruption. In: Neurobiology of Infantile Autism. Elsevier Science Publishers BV; 1992:187\u2013200."},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206000089"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02436.x"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26815\/acn.2023.00038"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-003-0999-8"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807302614"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.10520\/AJA10159657_641"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0665.1000113"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0029"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsy014"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m12091"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/29.6.798"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00298"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-022-00245-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.56","first-page":"72","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"52","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.06.015"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2018.04.006"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640701361013"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(67)80228-2"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1987.tb08817.x"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000151786"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03043.x"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.64","unstructured":"Hadders-Algra M . Neurological Examination of the Child with Minor Neurological Dysfunction. 3rd ed. Mac Keith Press; 2014."},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.452"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.04.020"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02391-3"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.68","unstructured":"Talley NJ , O\u2019Connor S. Talley and O\u2019Connor\u2019s Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis. 9th edition. Elsevier Australia; 2022."},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.69","unstructured":"Campbell WW , Barohn RJ. DeJong\u2019s the Neurologic Examination. Eighth edition. Wolters Kluwer; 2020."},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06771-3"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.05.003"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.819636"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.797165"},{"key":"2024050305450701000_2024.04.26.24306193v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0081"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.04.26.24306193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T19:59:22Z","timestamp":1768507162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.04.26.24306193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":74,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.26.24306193","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}