{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T02:14:33Z","timestamp":1782440073352,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"group-title":"Neurology","reference-count":30,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is unclear how post-stroke cognitive trajectories differ by stroke type and ischemic stroke subtype. We studied associations between stroke types (ischemic, hemorrhagic), ischemic stroke subtypes (cardioembolic, large artery atherosclerotic, lacunar\/small vessel, cryptogenic\/other determined etiology), and post-stroke cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This pooled cohort analysis from four US cohort studies (1971-2019) identified 1,143 dementia-free individuals with acute stroke during follow-up: 1,061 (92.8%) ischemic, 82 (7.2%) hemorrhagic, 49.9% female, 30.8% Black. Median age at stroke was 74.1 (IQR, 68.6, 79.3) years. Outcomes were change in global cognition (primary) and changes in executive function and memory (secondary). Outcomes were standardized as T-scores (mean [SD], 50 [10]); a 1-point difference represents a 0.1-SD difference in cognition. Median follow-up for the primary outcome was 6.0 (IQR, 3.2, 9.2) years. Linear mixed-effects models estimated changes in cognition after stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    On average, the initial post-stroke global cognition score was 50.78 points (95% CI, 49.52, 52.03) in ischemic stroke survivors and did not differ in hemorrhagic stroke survivors (difference, -0.17 points [95% CI, -1.64, 1.30];\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.82) after adjusting for demographics and pre-stroke cognition. On average, ischemic stroke survivors showed declines in global cognition, executive function, and memory. Post-stroke declines in global cognition, executive function, and memory did not differ between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke survivors. 955 ischemic strokes had subtypes: 200 (20.9%) cardioembolic, 77 (8.1%) large artery atherosclerotic, 207 (21.7%) lacunar\/small vessel, 471 (49.3%) cryptogenic\/other determined etiology. On average, small vessel stroke survivors showed declines in global cognition and memory, but not executive function. Initial post-stroke cognitive scores and cognitive declines did not differ between small vessel survivors and survivors of other ischemic stroke subtypes. Post-stroke vascular risk factor levels did not attenuate associations.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stroke survivors had cognitive decline in multiple domains. Declines did not differ by stroke type or ischemic stroke subtype.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.29.24306600","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T10:05:12Z","timestamp":1714644312000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations Between Stroke Type, Ischemic Stroke Subtypes, and Post-Stroke Cognitive Trajectories"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6864-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Levine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael T.","family":"Whitney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-8917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily M.","family":"Brice\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4678-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alden L.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno J.","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2158-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy B.","family":"Sussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7388-042X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald M.","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4912-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia J.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8584-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo J.","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa S.","family":"Beiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2562-1156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell S. 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