{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T21:07:24Z","timestamp":1768511244401,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":33,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with outcomes of attaching artificial tendons to bone using suture anchors for replacement of biological tendons in rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Metal suture anchors with braided composite sutures of varying sizes (USP #1, #2, or #5) were used to secure artificial tendons replacing both the Achilles and tibialis cranialis tendons in 12 New Zealand White rabbits. Artificial tendons were implanted either at the time of (immediate replacement, n=8), or four weeks after (delayed replacement, n=4) resection of the biological tendon. Hindlimb radiographs of the rabbits were obtained immediately after surgery and approximately every other week until the study endpoint (16 weeks post-surgery).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All suture anchors used for the tibialis cranialis artificial tendons remained secure and did not fail during the study. The suture linkage between the Achilles artificial tendon and anchor failed in 9 of 12 rabbits. In all cases, the mode of failure was suture breakage distant from the knot. Based on radiographic analysis, the mean estimated failure timepoint was 5.3\u00b12.3 weeks post-surgery, with a range of 2-10 weeks. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests revealed no significant effect of tendon implantation timing or suture size on either the timing or frequency of suture anchor failure.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Based on the mode of failure, suture mechanical properties, and suture anchor design, we suspect that the cause of failure was wear of the suture against the edges of the eyelet in the suture anchor post, which reduced the suture strength below in vivo loads. Suture anchor designs differed for the tibialis cranialis and did not fail during the period of study. Future studies are needed to optimize suture anchor mechanical performance under different loading conditions and suture anchor design features.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.29.591695","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T20:00:12Z","timestamp":1714680012000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Attaching artificial Achilles and tibialis cranialis tendons to bone using suture anchors in a rabbit model: assessment of outcomes"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Obinna P.","family":"Fidelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caleb","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina L.","family":"Easton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Billings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisha P.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dustin L.","family":"Crouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.10.018"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.2","unstructured":"Arthrex Inc. (2014). Revolutionalizing orthopaedic surgery https:\/\/www.arthrex.com\/resources\/LB1-0235-EN\/fiberwire-braided-composite-suture?referringteam=shoulder"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(05)80500-6","article-title":"Suture anchor failure strength \u2013 an in vivo study","volume":"9","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthroscopy \u2013 The Journal of Arthroscopic Study and Related Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-8063(95)90084-5","article-title":"The ultimate strength of suture anchors","volume":"11","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.04.106","article-title":"Sutures and anchors \u2013 update 2006","volume":"22","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2003.09.018","article-title":"Sutures and suture anchors: update 2003","volume":"19","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50032","article-title":"The effect of suture anchor design and orientation on suture abrasion: An in vitro study","volume":"19","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.8","first-page":"e12370","article-title":"Initial experience with a bioresorbable polymer anchor","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504271746"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4055\/cios20317","article-title":"Biomaterials used for suture anchors in orthopedic surgery","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/bbij.2017.05.00128"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2018.07.010","article-title":"Editorial Commentary: Biomechanics of All Suture Anchors: What We Know So Far","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010019"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111520","article-title":"Effect of polyester-based artificial tendons on movement biomechanics: A preliminary in vivo study","volume":"151","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-230"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2834-3","article-title":"Metallic versus biodegradable suture anchors for rotator cuff repair: a case control study","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorder"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.767445"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199907000-00017","article-title":"Current Concepts Review - Rupture of the Achilles Tendon","volume":"81","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2009.10.003"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505282621"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20971","article-title":"An artificial tendon with durable muscle interface","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopedic Research"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22043"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.23","first-page":"606","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Muscle and Tendon Retraction in Chronic Rotator Cuff Tears","volume":"40","year":"2011","journal-title":"The American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510396305"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.36115","article-title":"Failure of suture material at suture anchor eyelets","volume":"18","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.26","first-page":"389","article-title":"Bone loss management in total knee revision surgery","volume":"55","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Orthopaedic"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000181341.62818.32"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2019.12.004"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05371-0","article-title":"Biomechanical properties of a suture anchor system from human allogenic mineralized cortical bone matrix for rotator cuff repair","volume":"23","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2016.04.022"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453676908989506"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.11.008","article-title":"The history of suture anchors in orthopaedic surgery","volume":"61","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"2024050613450622000_2024.04.29.591695v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.02.019"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.04.29.591695","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:22:59Z","timestamp":1768458179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.04.29.591695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.29.591695","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7717\/peerj.18756","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}