{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T21:13:33Z","timestamp":1768511613504,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":79,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  is an opportunistic pathogen that can resist common antifungals and rapidly acquire multidrug resistance. A large amount of genetic variation exists between isolates, which complicates generalizations. Portable Tn-seq methods can efficiently provide genome-wide information on strain differences and genetic mechanisms. Using the\n                  <jats:italic>Hermes<\/jats:italic>\n                  transposon, the CBS138 reference strain and a commonly studied derivative termed 2001 were subjected to Tn-seq in control conditions and after exposure to varying doses of the clinical antifungal micafungin. The approach revealed large differences between these strains, including a 131 kb tandem duplication and a variety of fitness differences. Additionally, both strains exhibited up to 1000-fold increased transposon accessibility in subtelomeric regions relative to the BG2 strain, indicative of open subtelomeric chromatin in these isolates and large epigenetic variation within the species. Unexpectedly, the Pdr1 transcription factor conferred resistance to micafungin through targets other than\n                  <jats:italic>CDR1<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Other micafungin resistance pathways were also revealed including mannosyltransferase activity and biosynthesis of the lipid precursor sphingosine, the drugging of which by SDZ 90-215 or myriocin enhanced the potency of micafungin\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  . These findings provide insights into complexity of the\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  species as well as strategies for improving antifungal efficacy.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Candida glabrata is an emerging pathogen with large genetic diversity and genome plasticity. The type strain CBS138 and a laboratory derivative were mutagenized with the\n                    <jats:italic>Hermes<\/jats:italic>\n                    transposon and profiled using Tn-seq. Numerous genes that regulate innate and acquired resistance to an important clinical antifungal were uncovered, including a pleiotropic drug resistance gene (PDR1) and a duplication of part of one chromosome. Compounds that target PDR1 and other genes may augment the potency of existing antifungals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.02.592251","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T01:50:22Z","timestamp":1714787422000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tn-seq of the\n                  <i>Candida glabrata<\/i>\n                  reference strain CBS138 reveals epigenetic plasticity, structural variation, and intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to micafungin"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Nickels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1885-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail A.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2083-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winston","family":"Timp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle W.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit136"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fov114"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052218"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02946"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00215-08"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004478"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.11.027"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00212","article-title":"The cAMP\/Protein Kinase a Pathway Regulates Virulence and Adaptation to Host Conditions in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.15229","article-title":"Genome-wide profiling of piggyBac transposon insertion mutants reveals loss of the F(1)F(0) ATPase complex causes fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata","volume":"121","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.94.14.7412"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1121003"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2004.11.010"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02579"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-005-0008-3"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.2007.3.1.71"},{"key":"2024050807011693000_2024.05.02.592251v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gale, A.N. , M.W. 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