{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:45:32Z","timestamp":1768567532826,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"group-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology","reference-count":81,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Brooding is a critical symptom and prognostic factor of major depressive disorder (MDD), which involves passively dwelling on self-referential dysphoria and related abstractions. The neurobiology of brooding remains under characterized. We aimed to elucidate neural dynamics underlying brooding, and explore their responses to neurofeedback intervention in MDD.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated functional MRI (fMRI) dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) in 36 MDD subjects and 26 healthy controls (HCs) during rest and brooding. Rest was measured before and after fMRI neurofeedback (MDD-active\/sham: n=18\/18, HC-active\/sham: n=13\/13). Baseline brooding severity was recorded using Ruminative Response Scale - Brooding subscale (RRS-B).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Four recurrent dFNC states were identified. Measures of time spent were not significantly different between MDD and HC for any of these states during brooding or rest. RRS-B scores in MDD showed significant negative correlation with measures of time spent in dFNC state 3 during brooding (r=-0.5, p= 1.7E-3, FDR-significant). This state comprises strong connections spanning several brain systems involved in sensory, attentional and cognitive processing. Time spent in this anti-brooding dFNC state significantly increased following neurofeedback only in the MDD active group (z=-2.09, p=0.037).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sample size was small and imbalanced between groups. Brooding condition was not examined post-neurofeedback.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified a densely connected anti-brooding dFNC brain state in MDD. MDD subjects spent significantly longer time in this state after active neurofeedback intervention, highlighting neurofeedback\u2019s potential for modulating dysfunctional brain dynamics to treat MDD.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.05.24306889","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T09:14:00Z","timestamp":1715159640000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional brain network dynamics of brooding in depression: insights from real-time fMRI neurofeedback"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3678-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saampras","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Misaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Zalesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aki","family":"Tsuchiyagaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs352"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.2","first-page":"2","article-title":"A baseline for the multivariate comparison of resting-state networks","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"issue":"365","key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced normalization tools (ANTS)","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Insight Journal"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1995.7.6.1129"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.027"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsq080"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233539"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1048"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20581"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.10.015"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3794","article-title":"Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging\u2013Guided Personalization of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Depression","volume":"78","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.029"},{"key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118427","article-title":"Hypostability in the default mode network and hyperstability in the frontoparietal control network of dynamic functional architecture during rumination","volume":"241","author":"Chen (\u2022\u2022), X., & Yan (\u2022\u8d85\u2022), C.-G","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.14","first-page":"515","article-title":"The behavioral and cognitive relevance of time-varying, dynamic changes in functional connectivity","volume":"180","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024051011150645000_2024.05.05.24306889v1.15","first-page":"1636","article-title":"Mapping functionally related regions of brain with functional connectivity MR imaging","volume":"21","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR. 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