{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:48:11Z","timestamp":1768567691060,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"group-title":"Neurology","reference-count":58,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common and disabling in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), with troublesome anxiety occurring in one-third of patients. Management of anxiety in PD is challenging, hampered by insufficient insight into underlying mechanisms, lack of objective anxiety measurements, and largely ineffective treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, we assessed the intracranial neurophysiological correlates of anxiety in PD patients treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the laboratory and at home. We hypothesized that low-frequency (theta-alpha) activity would be associated with anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We recorded local field potentials (LFP) from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) DBS implants in three PD cohorts: 1) patients with recordings (STN) performed in hospital at rest via perioperatively externalized leads, without active stimulation, both ON or OFF dopaminergic medication; 2) patients with recordings (STN or GPi) performed at home while resting, via a chronically implanted commercially available sensing-enabled neurostimulator (Medtronic Percept\n                    <jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>\n                    device), ON dopaminergic medication, with stimulation both ON or OFF; 3) patients with recordings performed at home while engaging in a behavioral task via STN and GPi leads and electrocorticography paddles (ECoG) over premotor cortex connected to an investigational sensing-enabled neurostimulator, ON dopaminergic medication, with stimulation both ON or OFF.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Trait anxiety was measured with validated clinical scales in all participants, and state anxiety was measured with momentary assessment scales at multiple time points in the two at-home cohorts. Power in theta (4-8 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) ranges were extracted from the LFP recordings, and their relation with anxiety ratings was assessed using linear mixed-effects models.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 33 PD patients (59 hemispheres) were included. Across three independent cohorts, with stimulation OFF, basal ganglia theta power was positively related to trait anxiety (all p&lt;0.05). Also in a naturalistic setting, with individuals at home at rest with stimulation and medication ON, basal ganglia theta power was positively related to trait anxiety (p&lt;0.05). This relationship held regardless of the hemisphere and DBS target. There was no correlation between trait anxiety and premotor cortical theta-alpha power. There was no within-patient association between basal ganglia theta-alpha power and state anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We showed that basal ganglia theta activity indexes trait anxiety in PD. Our data suggest that theta could be a possible physiomarker of neuropsychiatric symptoms and specifically of anxiety in PD, potentially suitable for guiding advanced DBS treatment tailored to the individual patient\u2019s needs, including non-motor symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.04.24308449","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T11:26:54Z","timestamp":1717586814000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Basal ganglia theta power indexes trait anxiety in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Bart E.K.S.","family":"Swinnen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin 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