{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T21:16:31Z","timestamp":1768511791515,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"group-title":"Genetics","reference-count":80,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  exhibits innate resistance to azole antifungal drugs but also has the propensity to rapidly develop clinical drug resistance. Azole drugs, which target Erg11, is one of the three major classes of antifungals used to treat\n                  <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                  infections. Despite their widespread use, the mechanism controlling azole-induced\n                  <jats:italic>ERG<\/jats:italic>\n                  gene expression and drug resistance in\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  has primarily revolved around Upc2 and\/or Pdr1. In this study, we determined the function of two zinc cluster transcription factors, Zcf27 and Zcf4, as direct but distinct regulators of\n                  <jats:italic>ERG<\/jats:italic>\n                  genes. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  Zcf27 and Zcf4 as the closest homologs to\n                  <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                  Hap1. Hap1 is a known zinc cluster transcription factor in\n                  <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                  in controlling\n                  <jats:italic>ERG<\/jats:italic>\n                  gene expression under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Interestingly, when we deleted\n                  <jats:italic>HAP1<\/jats:italic>\n                  or\n                  <jats:italic>ZCF27<\/jats:italic>\n                  in either\n                  <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                  or\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata,<\/jats:italic>\n                  respectively, both deletion strains showed altered susceptibility to azole drugs, whereas the strain deleted for\n                  <jats:italic>ZCF4<\/jats:italic>\n                  did not exhibit azole susceptibility. We also determined that the increased azole susceptibility in a\n                  <jats:italic>zcf27\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                  strain is attributed to decreased azole-induced expression of\n                  <jats:italic>ERG<\/jats:italic>\n                  genes, resulting in decreased levels of total ergosterol. Surprisingly, Zcf4 protein expression is barely detected under aerobic conditions but is specifically induced under hypoxic conditions. However, under hypoxic conditions, Zcf4 but not Zcf27 was directly required for the repression of\n                  <jats:italic>ERG<\/jats:italic>\n                  genes. This study provides the first demonstration that Zcf27 and Zcf4 have evolved to serve distinct roles allowing\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  to adapt to specific host and environmental conditions.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Invasive and drug-resistant fungal infections pose a significant public health concern.\n                    <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a human fungal pathogen, is often difficult to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to azole antifungal drugs and its capacity to develop clinical drug resistance. Therefore, understanding the pathways that facilitate fungal growth and environmental adaptation may lead to novel drug targets and\/or more efficacious antifungal therapies. While the mechanisms of azole resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species have been extensively studied, the roles of zinc cluster transcription factors, such as Zcf27 and Zcf4, in\n                    <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    have remained largely unexplored until now. Our research shows that these factors play distinct yet crucial roles in regulating ergosterol homeostasis under azole drug treatment and oxygen-limiting growth conditions. These findings offer new insights into how this pathogen adapts to different environmental conditions and enhances our understanding of factors that alter drug susceptibility and\/or resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.20.599910","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T01:20:11Z","timestamp":1719278411000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Candida glabrata<\/i>\n                  maintains two Hap1 homologs, Zcf27 and Zcf4, for distinct roles in ergosterol gene regulation to mediate sterol homeostasis under azole and hypoxic conditions"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Debasmita","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin B.","family":"Gregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smriti","family":"Hoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharine E.","family":"Eastman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mindy","family":"Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Wisecaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-3594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott D.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024062523151230000_2024.06.20.599910v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1012055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012055","article-title":"Renaming Candida glabrata-A case of taxonomic purity over clinical and public health pragmatism","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2024062523151230000_2024.06.20.599910v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00926-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: challenges and recent developments","volume":"30","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Science"},{"key":"2024062523151230000_2024.06.20.599910v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.26187"},{"key":"2024062523151230000_2024.06.20.599910v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12091"},{"key":"2024062523151230000_2024.06.20.599910v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115055","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1115055","article-title":"Characterization and susceptibility of non-albicans Candida isolated from various clinical specimens in Lebanese hospitals","volume":"11","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2024062523151230000_2024.06.20.599910v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019778"},{"key":"2024062523151230000_2024.06.20.599910v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02579"},{"key":"2024062523151230000_2024.06.20.599910v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crunden JL , Diezmann S . 2021. 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