{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:27:02Z","timestamp":1777984022735,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":68,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AG069227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG069227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DE027236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE027236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Directional tongue movements are crucial for feeding and speech, ensuring proper food positioning for chewing and swallowing, as well as accurate sound production. While directional tuning in the arm region of the sensorimotor cortex during reaching tasks is well-studied, little is known about how 3D tongue direction is encoded in the orofacial sensorimotor cortex (OSMCx) during natural behaviors. Understanding this neural representation has important implications for rehabilitating individuals with orolingual dysfunctions. This study examines the directional tuning and population dynamics in OSMCx during naturalistic feeding and drinking, and how these are affected by sensory loss. Using biplanar videoradiography, we tracked implanted tongue markers in behaving rhesus macaques (\n                  <jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) and simultaneously recorded 3D positional data with spiking activity from chronically implanted microelectrode arrays in primary motor (MIo) and somatosensory (SIo) areas of the orofacial cortex. In some sessions, tasks were preceded by bilateral nerve block injections to the sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. Modulation to 3D tongue direction during feeding and drinking was found in most MIo and SIo neurons. Directional information in both individual- and population-level was higher in feeding and was more robust in MIo. Following sensory loss, alterations in tongue kinematics were accompanied by changes in directional information in MIo and SIo, manifesting as modifications in both individual neuron tuning characteristics and the broader dynamics of population-level neural activity. Overall, this study advances our understanding of how OSMCx contributes to complex, coordinated control of naturalistic tongue movements. It expands our current knowledge of orofacial control to three dimensions and demonstrates the specificity and adaptability of population activity in MIo and SIo in response to different behavioral contexts.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.02.601741","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T19:40:10Z","timestamp":1720122010000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D directional tuning in the orofacial sensorimotor cortex during natural feeding and drinking"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5415-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria B.","family":"Hosack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6616-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fritzie I.","family":"Arce-McShane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511139103"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.5.2191"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An X , Matho K , Li Y , Mohan H , Xu XH , Whishaw IQ , Kepecs A , Huang ZJ (2022) A cortical circuit for orchestrating oromanual food manipulation. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.03.518964"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arce F , Novick I , Mandelblat-Cerf Y , Israel Z , Ghez C , Vaadia E (2010) Combined adaptiveness of specific motor cortical ensembles underlies learning. Journal of Neuroscience 30.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0076-10.2010"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00144.2013"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arce-McShane FI , Sessle BJ , Ram Y , Ross CF , Hatsopoulos NG (2023) Multiple regions of primate orofacial sensorimotor cortex encode bite force and gape. Front Syst Neurosci.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2023.1213279"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12554"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.8","first-page":"427","article-title":"Form perception with a 49-point electrotactile stimulus array on the tongue: a technical note","volume":"35","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00957.2003"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berens P (2009) CircStat : A MATLAB Toolbox for Circular Statistics. J Stat Softw 31.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v031.i10"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.589"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23426"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2501"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11129"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61816-9"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/6\/066012"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3883"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170033"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90920.2008"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51425-3"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.10.014"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feilich K , Orsbon C , Gidmark N , Ross C (2021) Twist and chew: three-dimensional tongue kinematics during chewing in macaque primates. Biol Lett 17.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2021.0431"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0380"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.04.012"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06560-z"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.26","first-page":"2928","article-title":"Primate Motor Cortex and Free Arm Movements to Visual Targets in Three-Dimensional Space","volume":"8","year":"1988","journal-title":"II. Coding of the Direction of Movement by a Neuronal Population. JNeurosci"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611597104"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaser JI , Benjamin AS , Chowdhury RH , Perich MG , Miller LE , Kording KP (2020) Machine Learning for Neural Decoding. eNeuro 7:ENEURO.0506-19.2020 Available at: http:\/\/www.eneuro.org\/content\/7\/4\/ENEURO.0506-19.2020.abstract.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0506-19.2020"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.29","unstructured":"Hahn C , Arce-McShane FI (2024) Impact of nerve block on the cortical decoding of tongue movements across axes of motion and marker regions. In: Program No. LBA005.27. 2024 Neuroscience Meeting Planner. Chicago, IL: Society for Neuroscience."},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400604"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50563-y"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.61.2.350"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00892.2011"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kn\u00f6rlein BJ , Baier DB , Gatesy SM , Laurence-Chasen JD , Brainerd EL (2016) Validation of XMALab software for marker-based XROMM. Journal of Experimental Biology.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.145383"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12248"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-005-0060-7"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13336"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.226720"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38586-3"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.041"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.42","first-page":"2377","article-title":"Functional properties of single neurons in the primate face primary somatosensory cortex","volume":"71","year":"1994","journal-title":"I. Relations with trained orofacial motor behaviors. J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.43","first-page":"2377","article-title":"Functional properties of single neurons in the primate face primary somatosensory cortex","volume":"71","year":"1994","journal-title":"I. Relations with trained orofacial motor behaviors. J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220903158797"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005175"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montuelle SJ , Olson RA , Curtis H , Williams SH (2020) Unilateral lingual nerve transection alters jaw-tongue coordination during mastication in pigs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128:941\u2013951 Available at: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32191597.","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00398.2019"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.67.3.775"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.5.2280"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.50","unstructured":"Punacha S , Huang K , Arce-McShane FI (2024) Effects of healthy aging on tongue-jaw kinematics during feeding behavior in rhesus macaques. bioRxiv:2024.07.31.605680 Available at: http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/content\/early\/2024\/08\/03\/2024.07.31.605680.abstract."},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5441-08.2009"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.004"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00097.2009"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.54","first-page":"2913","article-title":"Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space","volume":"8","year":"1988","journal-title":"I. relations between single cell discharge and direction of movement. JNeurosci"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.55","first-page":"2913","article-title":"Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space","volume":"8","year":"1988","journal-title":"I. relations between single cell discharge and direction of movement. JNeurosci"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005164"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2005.04137.x"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2005.04137.x"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910308200407"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411411203"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221113110"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9695-9"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1239-x"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.64","first-page":"43","article-title":"Converging patterns of inputs from oral structures in the postcentral somatosensory cortex of conscious macaque monkeys","volume":"158","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0281-x"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(91)90432-N"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilela M , Hochberg LR (2020) Applications of brain-computer interfaces to the control of robotic and prosthetic arms. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, pp 87\u201399.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63934-9.00008-1"},{"key":"2025042612101294000_2024.07.02.601741v3.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04478-7"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.07.02.601741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:40:08Z","timestamp":1768459208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.07.02.601741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"references-count":68,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.07.02.601741","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.101325.3","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.101325.2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.101325.1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}