{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T21:45:45Z","timestamp":1768513545538,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":82,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["P30EY003176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY003176"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01EY024334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY024334"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Bipolar cells (BCs) carry visual information from photoreceptors in the outer retina to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the inner retina. Most BCs lack voltage-gated Na\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  (NaV) channels and action potentials. Instead, voltage signals spread passively from input to output synapses. Despite this, we find that blocking NaV channels reduces synaptic output of On-cone bipolar cells (On-CBCs). These cells borrow NaV channel-mediated excitability from electrically coupled A2 amacrine cells to amplify excitatory output, allowing voltage changes to be transmitted more effectively to downstream RGCs in dim light. Because neighboring On-CBCs form electrical synapses onto the same A2 cell, a spatially adjacent group of On-CBCs is more effective than a dispersed set for recruiting A2 cell electrical excitability and driving post-synaptic RGCs. This mechanism filters the neural representation of an image to highlight shapes over spatially uncorrelated stimuli, a sophisticated feature detection property that is well-suited for object recognition.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.03.601922","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T19:20:38Z","timestamp":1720207238000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Retinal bipolar cells borrow excitability from amacrine cells to amplify spatial features in dim light"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Shubhash Chandra","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkeley, Department of Neuroscience. Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Logan","family":"Ganzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkeley, Department of Neuroscience. Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkeley, Department of Neuroscience. Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkeley, Department of Neuroscience. Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Nawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkeley, Department of Neuroscience. Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard H","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkeley, Department of Neuroscience. Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.5.2564"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805222010"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523808080851"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2739-08.2012"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1249-13.2013"},{"issue":"315","key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.6","first-page":"246","article-title":"Morphological and physiological analysis of type-5 and other bipolar cells in the Mouse Retina","volume":"19","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108299","article-title":"A subset of cone bipolar cells expresses the Na+ channel SCN2A in the human retina","volume":"202","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3965-13.2014"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.05.001"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-06-03852.1994"},{"issue":"6900","key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.11","first-page":"845","article-title":"Directionally selective calcium signals in dendrites of starburst amacrine cells","volume":"22","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050185"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.13","first-page":"e12447","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels contribute to directional responses in starburst amacrine cells","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.02.020"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1861-11.2011"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523807070071"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4212-09.2010"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2021.09.005"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.054"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12346"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00092","article-title":"Classification of Mouse Retinal Bipolar Cells: Type-Specific Connectivity with Special Reference to Rod-Driven AII Amacrine Pathways","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in neuroanatomy"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3225"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01046-2"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16468"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523807070472"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.04.016","article-title":"Homeostatic Plasticity Shapes Cell-Type-Specific Wiring in the Retina","volume":"94","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-07-02874.1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2011.12.006","article-title":"The mechanisms of repetitive spike generation in an axonless retinal interneuron","volume":"1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.133066"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0129-24.2024"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-06-01919.1997"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1280"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252380707040X"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56077"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44851-w"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2591-06.2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00845-y","article-title":"Differential Contribution of Gap Junctions to the Membrane Properties of ON- and OFF-Bipolar Cells of the Rat Retina","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-21-08936.1998"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.20041"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00099","article-title":"Gap Junctions in A8 Amacrine Cells Are Made of Connexin36 but Are Differently Regulated Than Gap Junctions in AII Amacrine Cells","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in molecular neuroscience"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2186-10.2010"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1241-13.2013"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.07.054"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goetz J et al. \u201cUnified Classification of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells Using Function, Morphology, and Gene Expression.\u201d Cell Reports. 40(2), (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111040"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.12.020"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.46","first-page":"e0180091","article-title":"Four alpha ganglion cell types in mouse retina: Function, structure, and molecular signatures","volume":"12","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.47","first-page":"861623","article-title":"Microcircuits for night vision in mouse retina","volume":"21","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.48","first-page":"935","article-title":"Convergence and segregation of the interneurons in the mammalian retina","volume":"33","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5148-05.2006"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00700-6"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00005-4"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.07.043"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm4491"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00489-5"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.191452"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23752"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3783"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0695-21.2021"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25210"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.07.009"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202112916"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/377734a0"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523804215127"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2636"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.047"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34621-2"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3569"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16497"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.03.012"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.02.006"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3708"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061395"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10123-1"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP98817","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.98817","article-title":"Cone bipolar cell synapses generate transient versus sustained signals in parallel ON pathways of the mouse retina","volume":"13","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00425"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.77","first-page":"206","article-title":"Localization of Retinal Ca2+\/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II-\u03b2 (CaMKII-\u03b2) at Bipolar Cell Gap Junctions and Cross-Reactivity of Monoclonal Anti-CaMKII-\u03b2 Antibody With Connexin36","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt TM , Kofuji P . An Isolated Retinal Preparation to Record Light Response from Genetically Labeled Retinal Ganglion Cells.e2367 (2011).","DOI":"10.3791\/2367-v"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2817-20.2021"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2023.09.003","article-title":"Optogenetic targeting of AII amacrine cells restores retinal computations performed by the inner retina","volume":"31","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7720-8_17"},{"key":"2026011221501750000_2024.07.03.601922v2.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.11.055"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.07.03.601922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:40:19Z","timestamp":1768459219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.07.03.601922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"references-count":82,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.07.03.601922","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}