{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:55:39Z","timestamp":1772013339786,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":0,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Urinary catheterization causes bladder damage, predisposing hosts to catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). CAUTI pathogenesis is mediated by bladder damage-induced inflammation, resulting in accumulation and deposition of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen (Fg) and its matrix form fibrin, which are exploited by uropathogens as biofilm platforms to establish infection. Catheter-induced inflammation also results in robust immune cell recruitment, including macrophages (M\u03d5s). A fundamental knowledge gap is understanding the mechanisms by which the catheterized-bladder environment suppresses the M\u03d5 antimicrobial response, allowing uropathogen persistence. Here, we found that Fg and fibrin differentially modulate M1 and M2 M\u03d5 polarization, respectively. We unveiled that fibrin accumulation in catheterized mice induced an anti-inflammatory M2-like M\u03d5 phenotype, correlating with pathogen persistence. Even GM-CSF treatment of wildtype mice to promote M1 polarization was not sufficient to reduce bacterial burden and dissemination, indicating that the catheterized-bladder environment provides mixed signals, dysregulating M\u03d5 polarization, hindering its antimicrobial response against uropathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.16.603761","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:05:20Z","timestamp":1721261120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The catheterized bladder environment induces dysregulation of macrophage polarization exacerbating bacterial UTI"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Armando M.","family":"Marrufo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Gager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marissa J.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa A.","family":"LaBella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellsa","family":"Wongso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamanna","family":"Urmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kassandra","family":"Arias-Parbul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Railyn","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter V.","family":"Stuckey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurt N.","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Ploplis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Flick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis J.","family":"Castellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe H.","family":"Santiago-Tirado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4610-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L.","family":"Flores-Mireles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.07.16.603761","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1768459420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.07.16.603761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.07.16.603761","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}