{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:28:10Z","timestamp":1779114490633,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":64,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Enterotoxigenic\n                  <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  (ETEC) cause hundreds of millions of diarrheal illnesses annually ranging from mildly symptomatic cases to severe, life-threatening cholera-like diarrhea. Although ETEC are associated with long-term sequelae including malnutrition, the acute diarrheal illness is largely self-limited. Recent studies indicate that in addition to causing diarrhea, the ETEC heat-labile toxin (LT) modulates the expression of many genes in intestinal epithelia, including carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) which ETEC exploit as receptors, enabling toxin delivery. Here however, we demonstrate that LT also enhances the expression of CEACAMs on extracellular vesicles (EV) shed by intestinal epithelia and that CEACAM-laden EV increase in abundance during human infections, mitigate pathogen-host interactions, scavenge free ETEC toxins, and accelerate ETEC clearance from the gastrointestinal tract. Collectively, these findings indicate that CEACAMs play a multifaceted role in ETEC pathogen-host interactions, transiently favoring the pathogen, but ultimately contributing to innate responses that extinguish these common infections.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Enterotoxigenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli,<\/jats:italic>\n                    characterized by the production of heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins, are a very common cause of diarrhea in low-income regions responsible for hundreds of millions of infections each year, and the major cause of diarrhea in travelers to endemic areas. Although these infections may be severe and cholera-like, they are typically self-limited. These studies demonstrate that extracellular vesicles produced by host intestinal cells can capture the bacteria and its secreted toxins at a distance from the cell surface, potentially acting as molecular decoys to neutralize the enterotoxins and extinguish the infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.24.604983","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T01:50:42Z","timestamp":1721872242000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Host-derived CEACAM-laden vesicles engage enterotoxigenic\n                  <i>E. coli<\/i>\n                  for elimination and toxin neutralization"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2972-6978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaullah","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1899-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debayan","family":"Ganguli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4885-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim J.","family":"Vickers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2213-6000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3882-5625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Foulke-Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-9191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjahan","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8238-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazia","family":"Khatoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0208-4143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bipul","family":"Setu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7904-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supratim","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clayton","family":"Harro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5573-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0715-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wandy L.","family":"Beatty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6446-0255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhra","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3755-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tafiqur R.","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0477-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Donowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1148-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"Fleckenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30475-4"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.73.6.799"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab434"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30076-2"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab359"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.7","first-page":"171","article-title":"The discovery of cholera - like enterotoxins produced by Escherichia coli causing secretory diarrhoea in humans","volume":"133","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Indian journal of medical research"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.8","first-page":"665","article-title":"Clinical and physiological observations during an epidemic outbreak of non-vibrio cholera-like disease in Calcutta","volume":"33","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106560"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/123.4.378"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.03.007"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513923"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00572-21"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00736.x"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07568"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005586"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012480117"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.18","first-page":"713","article-title":"Purification and characterization of carcinoembryonic antigen-related antigens in normal adult feces","volume":"41","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer research"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02600.x"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509511112"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1864"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2005.07.008"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2004.03.009"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E12-08-0572"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.01.004"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.02.022"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.17.12489"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05217-11"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600471"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35085068"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501076102"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34687-7"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr9002504"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100871"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.07.022"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.04.012"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200310028"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2567"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200902147"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.40","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Immunochemical differences among carcinoembryonic antigen in tumor tissues and related antigens in meconium and adult feces","volume":"42","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer research"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000217693"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-12"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73330"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.12.006"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.01.058"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030204"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.10.005"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010125"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008040406"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.1.68","article-title":"The molecular configuration and ultrastructural locations of an IgG Fc binding site in human colonic epithelium","volume":"146","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.2.169"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.24.15232"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.863317"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803124105"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.32"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.009940"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00572-21"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02199-10"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/512199"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/00291bm09"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.869-875.2006"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00526-18"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00248-16"},{"key":"2024072710050967000_2024.07.24.604983v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.025"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.07.24.604983","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:45:58Z","timestamp":1768459558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.07.24.604983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"references-count":64,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.07.24.604983","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}