{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:27:56Z","timestamp":1777984076845,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":70,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AI169865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI169865"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01EY14362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY14362"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AI145069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI145069"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1P30DA054557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P30DA054557"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031064","name":"Hypothesis Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Bacteria in nature can exist in multicellular communities called biofilms. Biofilms also form in the course of many infections.\n                  <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                  infections frequently involve biofilms, which contribute materially to the difficulty to treat these infections with antibiotic therapy. Many biofilm-related characteristics are controlled by the second messenger, cyclic-di-GMP, which is upregulated on surface contact. Among these factors is the exopolysaccharide Psl, which is a critically important component of the biofilm matrix. Here we describe the discovery of a\n                  <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                  bacteriophage, which we have called Clew-1, that directly binds to and uses Psl as a receptor. While this phage does not efficiently infect planktonically growing bacteria, it can disrupt\n                  <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                  biofilms and replicate in biofilm bacteria. We further demonstrate that the Clew-1 can reduce the bacterial burden in a mouse model of\n                  <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                  keratitis, which is characterized by the formation of a biofilm on the cornea. Due to its reliance on Psl for infection, Clew-1 does not actually form plaques on wild-type bacteria under standard\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  conditions. This argues that our standard isolation procedures likely exclude bacteriophage that are adapted to using biofilm markers for infection. Importantly, the manner in which we isolated Clew-1 can be easily extended to other strains of\n                  <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                  and indeed other bacterial species, which will fuel the discovery of other biofilm-tropic bacteriophage and expand their therapeutic use.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.12.607380","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T13:25:29Z","timestamp":1723469129000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A biofilm-tropic\n                  <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                  bacteriophage uses the exopolysaccharide Psl as receptor"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Brenna","family":"Walton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Abbondante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela Ellen","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna M.","family":"Dobruchowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Alvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry A.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Vallikat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhemin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward W.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geert-Jan","family":"Boons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Pearlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arne","family":"Rietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01650-15"},{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00001-13"},{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00682-4"},{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75418-3_6"},{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.125"},{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01651-09"},{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049578"},{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.02.007"},{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.11.1572"},{"key":"2025051205000774000_2024.08.12.607380v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okurowska K , Monk PN , Karunakaran E . 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