{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T21:35:39Z","timestamp":1768512939378,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":52,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An association recently emerged between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-visible perivascular spaces (MV-PVS) with intracerebral solute clearance and neuroinflammation, in adults. However, it is unknown how MV-PVS change throughout adolescence and what factors influence MV-PVS volume and morphology. This study assesses the temporal evolution of MV-PVS volume in adolescents and young adults, and secondarily evaluates the relationship between MV-PVS, age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This analysis included a 783 participant cohort from the longitudinal multicenter National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence study that involved up to 6 imaging visits spanning 5 years. Healthy adolescents aged 12-21 years at study entry with at least two MRI scans were included. The primary outcome was mean MV-PVS volume (mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/white matter cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    On average, males had greater MV-PVS volume at all ages compared to females. A linear mixed-effect model for MV-PVS volume was performed. Mean BMI and increases in a person\u2019s BMI were associated with increases in MV-PVS volume over time. In females only, changes in BMI correlated with MV-PVS volume. One unit increase in BMI above a person\u2019s average BMI was associated with a 0.021 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    increase in MV-PVS volume (p&lt;0.001).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This longitudinal study showed sex differences in MV-PVS features during adolescence and young adulthood. Importantly, we report that increases in BMI from a person\u2019s mean BMI are associated with increases in MV-PVS volume in females only. These findings suggest a potential link between MV-PVS, sex, and BMI that warrants future study.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.17.608337","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T14:55:19Z","timestamp":1724079319000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biological sex and BMI influence the longitudinal evolution of adolescent and young adult MRI-visible perivascular spaces"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5517-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin A.","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Koike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlyn","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura 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