{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:14:02Z","timestamp":1768515242156,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":40,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Humans can acquire and maintain motor skills throughout their lives through motor learning. Motor learning and skill acquisition are essential for rehabilitation following neurological disease or injury. Adaptation, the initial stage of motor learning, involves short-term changes in motor performance in response to a new demand in the person\u2019s environment. Repeated adaptation can improve skill performance and result in long-term skill retention. Locomotor adaptation is extensively studied using split-belt treadmill paradigms. In this study we explored whether bidirectional walking (BDW) on a split-belt treadmill can induce short-term gait adaptations. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in our single session, starting with 2 minutes of normal walking (NW), followed by four 5-minute blocks of BDW with a 1-minute passive rest in between blocks, and ending with another 2-minute of NW. We recorded body kinematics and ground reaction forces throughout the experiment. Participants quickly adapted to BDW with both legs showing decreased step lengths. However, only the backward-walking leg exhibited aftereffects upon returning to NW, indicating short-term adaptation. Notable kinematic changes were observed, particularly in hip extension and pelvis tilt, though these varied among participants. Our findings suggest that BDW induces unilateral adaptations despite bilateral changes in gait, offering new insights into locomotor control and spinal CPG organization.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>Locomotor adaptation extensively studied using split-belt treadmill paradigms with asymmetric belt speeds.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>This study examined whether bidirectional walking, i.e. walking with each leg stepping in opposite directions, would induce short-term adaptations in spatiotemporal characteristics of gait.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>Volunteers performed bidirectional walking with bilateral changes in step length.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>Despite equal but opposite belt speeds, volunteers exhibited a unilateral aftereffect of decreased step length in the leg which performed backwards stepping during bidirectional walking.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <\/jats:list>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.22.609228","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T16:10:15Z","timestamp":1724429415000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bidirectional locomotion induces unilateral limb adaptations"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5065-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell L.","family":"Hardesty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helia","family":"Motjabavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren E.","family":"Gemoets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Wolpaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024082722301435000_2024.08.22.609228v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1113\/JP285473","article-title":"Simultaneous control of forward and backward locomotion by spinal sensorimotor circuits","volume":"602","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082722301435000_2024.08.22.609228v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2017.1375055","article-title":"Repeated split-belt treadmill walking improved gait ability in individuals with chronic stroke: A pilot study","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiotherapy Theory and Practice"},{"key":"2024082722301435000_2024.08.22.609228v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1914.sp001646"},{"issue":"572","key":"2024082722301435000_2024.08.22.609228v1.4","first-page":"308","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 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