{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:57:37Z","timestamp":1784807857410,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"group-title":"Genomics","reference-count":0,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  The family Chamaeleonidae comprises 228 species, boasting an extensive geographic spread and an array of evolutionary novelties and adaptations, but a paucity of genetic and molecular analyses. Veiled chameleon (\n                  <jats:italic>Chamaeleo calyptratus<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) has emerged as a tractable research organism for the study of squamate early development and evolution. Here we report a chromosomal-level assembly and annotation of the veiled chameleon genome. We note a remarkable chromosomal conservation across squamates, but comparisons to more distant genomes reveal GC peaks correlating with ancestral chromosome fusion events. We subsequently identified the XX\/XY region on chromosome 5, confirming environmental-independent sex determination in veiled chameleons. Furthermore, our analysis of the\n                  <jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic>\n                  gene family indicates that veiled chameleons possess the most complete set of 41\n                  <jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic>\n                  genes, retained from an amniote ancestor. Lastly, the veiled chameleon genome has retained both ancestral paralogs of the\n                  <jats:italic>Nodal<\/jats:italic>\n                  gene, but is missing\n                  <jats:italic>Dand5<\/jats:italic>\n                  and several other genes, recently associated with the loss of motile cilia during the establishment of left-right patterning. Thus, a complete veiled chameleon genome provides opportunities for novel insights into the evolution of reptilian genomes and the molecular mechanisms driving phenotypic variation and ecological adaptation.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.03.611012","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T11:05:22Z","timestamp":1725707122000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<i>Chamaeleo calyptratus<\/i>\n                  (veiled chameleon) chromosome-scale genome assembly and annotation provides insights into the evolution of reptiles and developmental mechanisms."],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0466-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Shylo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Robb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kupronis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ir\u00e1n Andira","family":"Guzm\u00e1n M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"DeGraffenreid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Gamble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-3624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Trainor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.09.03.611012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:00:17Z","timestamp":1768460417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.09.03.611012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.09.03.611012","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}