{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:08:43Z","timestamp":1790795323517,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":26,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The ongoing national mpox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has resulted in more &gt;30,000 suspected cases in the country from January 2023 to August 2024. While these historic case totals have been driven by primarily by zoonosis, the emergence of Clade Ib monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is connected to more sustained human-to-human transmission, has been associated with increasing public health impacts in eastern DRC. First identified in South Kivu province, Clade Ib MPXV has been identified in multiple non-endemic East African countries for the first time. In DRC, there have been concerns over broader Clade Ib expansion in the country that could further complicate containment and mitigation responses. Here, we report the first introductions of Clade Ib into North Kivu province, including within internal displacement camps, with suspected close contact transmission that includes non-intimate contacts and children. These findings demonstrate that mpox case investigations and community messaging campaigns should include considerations for non-sexual contact-mediated transmission of Clade Ib that includes children &lt;15 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.12.24313188","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T12:45:31Z","timestamp":1726490731000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["First imported Cases of MPXV Clade Ib in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Implications for Global Surveillance and Transmission Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mukadi-Bamuleka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddy","family":"Kinganda-Lusamaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noella","family":"Mulopo-Mukanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Amuri-Aziza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ine","family":"O\u2019Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Modadra-Madakpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy Mutombo","family":"Ndongala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Hasivirwe","family":"Vakaniaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4039-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cris","family":"Kacita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaston Lubambo","family":"Maboko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Makangara-Cigolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Ngimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Lokilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Pukuta-Simbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gradi","family":"Luakanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tavia","family":"Bodisa-Matamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zephanie Paluku","family":"Kalimuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Akil-Bandali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sifa","family":"Kavira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e8le Kavira","family":"Kamaliro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile","family":"Muhindo-Milonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeriel","family":"Mufungizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves Birindwa","family":"Hamisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Kavunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Tshiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabin S.","family":"Nundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5616-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurens","family":"Liesenborghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Nachega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Shongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahidjo","family":"Ayouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genay","family":"Pilarowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain Kakule","family":"Mangolopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amos Kiuka","family":"Ebondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souradet Y.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6944-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofonias Kifle","family":"Tessema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Subissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Delaporte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Vercauteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Wawina-Bokalanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne W","family":"Rimoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Loman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Rambaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Muyembe-Tamfum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa E.","family":"Hensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3305-7084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Kindrachuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Placide","family":"Mbala-Kingebeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Ahuka-Mundeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010768","article-title":"Human monkeypox: A review of the literature","volume":"18","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.08.008"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-080122-030714","article-title":"Mpox: The Reemergence of an Old Disease and Inequities","volume":"75","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.4","first-page":"EVIDe2300348","article-title":"Vaccines for Mpox - An Unmet Global Need","volume":"3","year":"2024","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.5","first-page":"599","article-title":"Isolation and properties of the causal agent of a new variola-like disease (monkeypox) in man","volume":"46","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.062"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.062"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.10","first-page":"1082586","article-title":"Human monkeypox - After 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.11","unstructured":"WHO Director-General declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern [press release]. 14 August 2024 2024."},{"issue":"9","key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02456-8","article-title":"Distinct monkeypox virus lineages co-circulating in humans before 2022","volume":"29","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00198-5"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vakaniaki EH , Kacita C , Kinganda-Lusamaki E , O\u2019Toole A , Wawina-Bokalanga T , Mukadi-Bamuleka D , et al. Sustained human outbreak of a new MPXV clade I lineage in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nat Med. 2024.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.12.24305195"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.231164"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.18","unstructured":"INSP-RDC. Situation report No. 22, Data from epidemiological week 24. 2024."},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinganda-Lusamaki E A-AA , Fernandez N , Makangara-Cigolo JC , Pratt C et al. Clade I Mpox virus genomic diversity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018 - 2024: Predominance of Zoonotic Transmission. medRxiv. 2024.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.13.24311951"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.20","unstructured":"Migration IU . Democratic Republic of the Congo Crisis Response Plan 2023. International Organization for Migration (IOM); 2023."},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.21","unstructured":"WHO. Mpox (monkeypox) outbreak toolbox - Updated July 2024. World Health Organization; 2024 July 2024."},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad165","article-title":"APOBEC3F Is a Mutational Driver of the Human Monkeypox Virus Identified in the 2022 Outbreak","volume":"228","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg8116"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masirika LM , Udahemuka JC , Schuele L , Ndishimye P , Otani S , Mbiribindi JB , et al. Ongoing mpox outbreak in Kamituga, South Kivu province, associated with monkeypox virus of a novel Clade I sub-lineage, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2024. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(11).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.11.2400106"},{"key":"2024091904151369000_2024.09.12.24313188v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj021"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.09.12.24313188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T20:11:51Z","timestamp":1768507911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.09.12.24313188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.09.12.24313188","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}