{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:47:12Z","timestamp":1768517232721,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":24,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Myeloid phagocytes are essential for antifungal immunity against pulmonary\n                  <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                  and systemic\n                  <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                  infections. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal clearance by phagocytes remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the role of perforin-2 (\n                  <jats:italic>Mpeg1<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) in antifungal immunity. We found that\n                  <jats:italic>Mpeg1<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                  mice generated on a mixed C57BL\/6J-DBA\/2 background exhibited enhanced survival, reduced lung fungal burden, and greater neutrophil fungal killing activity compared to wild-type C57BL\/6J (B6) mice, suggesting that perforin-2 may impair antifungal immune responses. However, when we compared\n                  <jats:italic>Mpeg1<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                  mice with co-housed\n                  <jats:italic>Mpeg<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\n                  littermate controls, these differences were no longer observed, indicating that initial findings were likely influenced by differences in the murine genetic background or the microbiota composition. Furthermore, perforin-2 was dispensable for antifungal immunity during\n                  <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                  bloodstream infection. These results suggest that perforin-2 is not essential for host defense against fungal infections in otherwise immune competent mice and highlight the importance of generating co-housed littermate controls to minimize murine genetic and microbiota-related factors in studies of host defense mechanisms.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the leading cause of invasive aspergillosis (IA), which is associated with significant mortality, particularly in immunocompromised patients such as those with acute leukemia or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplants, where death rates reach 40-50% despite standard care. Treatments for IA remain limited and resistance to antifungals is emerging, leading the World Health Organization to recently classify\n                    <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a critical priority fungal pathogen. A greater understanding of how the immune system clears\n                    <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    could lead to host-directed therapies that could complement our current armamentarium of antifungal drugs and improve patient outcomes. Our findings reveal that perforin-2 is not essential for antifungal immunity against\n                    <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in otherwise immune-competent mice and underscore the necessity of using co-housed littermate controls to avoid confounding factors in immunological studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.23.614582","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T17:05:37Z","timestamp":1727283937000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perforin-2 is dispensable for host defense against\n                  <i>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/i>\n                  and\n                  <i>Candida albicans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2462-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano A.","family":"Aufiero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Yin","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"De\u2019Broski R.","family":"Herbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9097-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias M.","family":"Hohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024092807050688000_2024.09.23.614582v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease","volume":"24","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious 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