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Despite the pervasiveness of this claim, which may have implications for understanding sex differences in anxiety and substance use disorders, inspection of prior literature reveals a complex and nuanced picture. Research on volumetric human BNST sex differences comes from a handful of mostly small-scale post-mortem studies and two MRI studies, between them reporting no, moderate, or very large differences. This indicates the need for a more detailed systematic investigation. Addressing this, we developed a novel 3T T1-weighted (T1w) manual segmentation protocol for the BNST, which was applied to sub-millimetre resolution T1w structural MRI data in 170 young human adults. Using a Bayesian modelling approach, taking into account existing data and accounting for total brain volume, age, and sibship, we find substantial evidence favouring no sex difference in total BNST volume. We recommend that researchers exercise caution when reporting evidence of BNST sexual dimorphism, particularly when translating findings from rodent models in which the BNST may play a different, olfaction-focused, role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.09.617217","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:30:22Z","timestamp":1728779422000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Substantial evidence against sex differences in bed nucleus of the stria terminalis volume in the human brain"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0628-7391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam C.","family":"Berry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9052-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harsimran K.","family":"Suri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3554-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Lisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7763-3402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James P.","family":"Ravenhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5573-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P.","family":"Aggleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0339-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl J.","family":"Hodgetts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-29678-2_3221"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903020402"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.185"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.017"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.041"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00220"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119096"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.6617121"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100415"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.01.005"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-03-01027.2002"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)00118-K"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.04.004"},{"key":"2026073114350467000_2024.10.09.617217v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Aniello, B. , Semin, G. 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