{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:10:20Z","timestamp":1777662620149,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"group-title":"Neurology","reference-count":34,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Brain-computer interfaces (\n                    <jats:italic>BCIs<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) hold promise as augmentative and alternative communication technology for people with severe motor and speech impairment (locked-in syndrome) due to neural disease or injury. Although such BCIs should be available 24\/7, to enable communication at all times, feasibility of nocturnal BCI use has not been investigated. Here, we addressed this question using data from an individual with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who was implanted with an electrocorticography-based BCI that enabled the generation of click-commands for spelling words and call-caregiver signals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We investigated nocturnal dynamics of neural signal features used for BCI control, namely low (\n                    <jats:italic>LFB<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 10\u201330Hz) and high frequency band power (\n                    <jats:italic>HFB<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 65-95Hz). Additionally, we assessed the nocturnal performance of a BCI decoder that was trained on daytime data by quantifying the number of unintentional BCI activations at night. Finally, we developed and implemented a nightmode decoder that allowed the participant to call a caregiver at night, and assessed its performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Power and variance in HFB and LFB were significantly higher at night than during the day in the majority of the nights, with HFB variance being higher in 88% of nights. Daytime decoders caused 245 unintended selection-clicks and 13 unintended caregiver-calls per hour when applied to night data. The developed nightmode decoder functioned error-free in 79% of nights over a period of \u00b11.5 years, allowing the user to reliably call the caregiver, with unintended activations occurring only once every 12 nights.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reliable nighttime use of a BCI requires decoders that are adjusted to sleep-related signal changes. This demonstration of a reliable BCI nightmode and its long-term use by an individual with advanced ALS underscores the importance of 24\/7 BCI reliability.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This trial is registered in\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    under number\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT02224469\">NCT02224469<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02224469?term=NCT02224469&amp;rank=1\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02224469?term=NCT02224469&amp;rank=1<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ). Date of submission to registry: August 21, 2014. Enrollment of first participant: September 7, 2015.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.11.24315027","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T13:30:26Z","timestamp":1728999026000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["DO NOT LOSE SLEEP OVER IT: IMPLANTED BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE FUNCTIONALITY DURING NIGHTTIME IN LATE-STAGE AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Sacha","family":"Leinders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik J.","family":"Aarnoutse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana P.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zac V.","family":"Freudenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon H.","family":"Geukes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anouck","family":"Schippers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malinda S.W.","family":"Verberne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"van den Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benny","family":"van der Vijgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan E.","family":"Crone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Denison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick F.","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9252-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariska J.","family":"Vansteensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2008.00332.x"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.2","first-page":"28","article-title":"EEG analysis applied to sleep","volume":"26","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epileptologie"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80031-X"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1119-1"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.014"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.026","article-title":"Augmentative and alternative communication effects on quality of life in patients with locked-in syndrome and their caregivers","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24556"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/07434610701571058","article-title":"Access to AAC: Present, past, and future","volume":"23","year":"2007","journal-title":"Augment Altern Commun"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04970"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3217\/978-3-85125-533-1-50"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59121-0"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2020.1844755","article-title":"Disorders of sleep and wakefulness in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a systematic review","volume":"22","year":"2021","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener"},{"key":"2024101704100509000_2024.10.11.24315027v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matarazzo L , Foret A , Mascetti L , Muto V , Shaffii A , Maquet P , et al. 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