{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:35:17Z","timestamp":1768520117153,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"group-title":"Biophysics","reference-count":74,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The mammalian neocortex, organized into six cellular layers or laminae, forms a cortical network within layers. Layer specific computations are crucial for sensory processing of visual stimuli within primary visual cortex. Laminar recordings of local field potentials (LFPs) are a powerful tool to study neural activity within cortical layers. Electric brain stimulation is widely used in basic neuroscience and in a large range of clinical applications. However, the layer-specific effects of electric stimulation on LFPs remain unclear. To address this gap, we conducted laminar LFP recordings of the primary visual cortex in monkeys while presenting a flash visual stimulus. Simultaneously, we applied a low frequency sinusoidal current to the occipital lobe with offset frequency to the flash stimulus repetition rate. We analyzed the modulation of visual-evoked potentials with respect to the applied phase of the electric stimulation. Our results reveal that only the deeper layers, but not the superficial layers, show phase-dependent changes in LFP components with respect to the applied current. Employing a cortical column model, we demonstrate that these in vivo observations can be explained by phase-dependent changes in the driving force within neurons of deeper layers. Our findings offer crucial insight into the selective modulation of cortical layers through electric stimulation, thus advancing approaches for more targeted neuromodulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.19.619242","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T16:05:13Z","timestamp":1729613113000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Layer-specific dynamics of local field potentials in monkey V1 during electrical stimulation"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9197-7359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Alekseichuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8267-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Shirinpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Linn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaud Y.","family":"Falchier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Opitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.4.480"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144152"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.03-07-01389.1983"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.21.1.47"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0600-15.2015"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.08.020"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.12.009"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0417-0"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34590-1"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz322"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.11","first-page":"31","article-title":"Distinct superficial and deep laminar domains of activity in the visual cortex during rest and stimulation","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in systems neuroscience"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1129-20.2020"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.13","first-page":"32","article-title":"On the estimation of population-specific synaptic currents from laminar multielectrode recordings","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in neuroinformatics"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3241"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.040"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1787-21.2022"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappon D , Jahanshahi M , Bisiacchi P . Value and efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in the cognitive rehabilitation: a critical review since 2000. Frontiers in neuroscience 10, 157 (2016).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00157"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.056"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.07.009"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab257"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815958116"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz2747"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07233-7"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617024114"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10581-7"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107516"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001650"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45898-5"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.30","first-page":"5","article-title":"Histological features of layers and sublayers in cortical visual areas V1 and V2 of chimpanzees, macaque monkeys, and humans","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye and brain"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.31","first-page":"50","article-title":"Removal of high-voltage brain stimulation artifacts from simultaneous EEG recordings","volume":"66","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.029"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5300-09.2011"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00914.2013"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128115"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055772"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(62)90056-0"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1985.65.1.37"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.029"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.10.1071"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.87169"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2014-13.2013"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.032"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.44","first-page":"682","article-title":"Neurons in the white matter of the adult human neocortex","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2301021640"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f6sli L , et al. Direct vascular contact is a hallmark of cerebral astrocytes. Cell Reports 39, (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110599"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.04.015"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13338"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.49","unstructured":"Dale Purves GJA , David Fitzpatrick , Lawrence C Katz , Anthony-Samuel LaMantia , James O McNamara , and S Mark Williams . Neuroscience, 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associate (2001)."},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2286"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.51","first-page":"101","article-title":"Local field potentials: myths and misunderstandings","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in neural circuits"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.01.033"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.036.2008"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.10.020"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb0977"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3800-16.2017"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.11.034"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.06.016"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.59","first-page":"1","article-title":"FieldTrip: open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational intelligence and neuroscience"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98021-9"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.11.004"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.312157"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(97)00066-7"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101741"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1975.38.2.356"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v031.i10"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.67","unstructured":"Fisher NI . Statistical analysis of circular data. cambridge university press (1995)."},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.68","unstructured":"Zar JH . Biostatistical analysis. Pearson Education India (1999)."},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad37d9"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.70","first-page":"44","article-title":"Analysis of the quasi-static approximation for calculating potentials generated by neural stimulation","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of neural engineering"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.044"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.750253"},{"key":"2024102504550965000_2024.10.19.619242v1.74","first-page":"421376","article-title":"Quantification of phase-amplitude coupling in neuronal oscillations: comparison of phase-locking value, mean vector length, modulation index, and generalized-linear-modeling-cross-frequency-coupling","volume":"13","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in neuroscience"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.10.19.619242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:18:37Z","timestamp":1768461517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2024.10.19.619242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":74,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.10.19.619242","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}