{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:11:18Z","timestamp":1768518678094,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"group-title":"Ecology","reference-count":43,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Coccidioidomycosis is an emerging fungal infection caused by inhalation of\n                  <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                  spp. spores. While airborne dispersal is critical to\n                  <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                  transmission, limited recovery of the pathogen from air has hindered understanding of the aerosolization and transport of spores. Here, we examine uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) with portable, active air samplers as a novel means of capturing aerosolized\n                  <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                  and characterizing emissions and exposure risk. We sampled in September 2023 in eastern San Luis Obispo County, California, in an area with confirmed\n                  <jats:italic>Coccidioides immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                  in soils. We completed 41 20-minute flights across 14 sites using UAS equipped with an 8 L\/min bioaerosol sampler and a low-cost particulate matter sensor. We sampled source soils and air under ambient conditions using one UAS at 1-10 m above ground level, and under a simulated high-dust event using two UAS, one at &lt;2 m height and one at 5-12 m. We detected\n                  <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                  DNA in two of 41 air samples (4.9%), both under ambient conditions at 8 m above ground level, representing the highest known height of airborne\n                  <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                  detection. Spatially explicit UAS-based sampling could enhance understanding of\n                  <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                  aerobiology and enable detection in hard-to-reach or hazardous air masses, including dust storms and wildfire smoke.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    UAS-based air sampling for bioaerosols, including pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., opens new possibilities for characterizing the aerosolization and transport of fungal spores and other airborne pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.28.620741","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T19:55:15Z","timestamp":1730577315000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of airborne\n                  <i>Coccidioides<\/i>\n                  spores using lightweight portable air samplers affixed to uncrewed aircraft systems in California\u2019s Central Valley"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1703-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly T.","family":"Radosevich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda K.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phinehas","family":"Lampman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kollath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Couper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0223-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin V.","family":"Remais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Kobziar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Markwiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025010823300939000_2024.10.28.620741v2.1","unstructured":"Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) | Types of Fungal Diseases | Fungal | CDC. 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