{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:00:50Z","timestamp":1782280850278,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"group-title":"Genetics","reference-count":69,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Expansions and contractions of tandem DNA repeats are a source of genetic variation in human populations and in human tissues: some expanded repeats cause inherited disorders, and some are also somatically unstable. We analyzed DNA sequence data, derived from the blood cells of &gt;700,000 participants in UK Biobank and the\n                  <jats:italic>All of Us<\/jats:italic>\n                  Research Program, and developed new computational approaches to recognize, measure and learn from DNA-repeat instability at 15 highly polymorphic CAG-repeat loci. We found that expansion and contraction rates varied widely across these 15 loci, even for alleles of the same length; repeats at different loci also exhibited widely variable relative propensities to mutate in the germline versus the blood. The high somatic instability of\n                  <jats:italic>TCF4<\/jats:italic>\n                  repeats enabled a genome-wide association analysis that identified seven loci at which inherited variants modulate\n                  <jats:italic>TCF4<\/jats:italic>\n                  repeat instability in blood cells. Three of the implicated loci contained genes (\n                  <jats:italic>MSH3<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>FAN1<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and\n                  <jats:italic>PMS2<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) that also modulate Huntington\u2019s disease age-at-onset as well as somatic instability of the\n                  <jats:italic>HTT<\/jats:italic>\n                  repeat in blood; however, the specific genetic variants and their effects (instability-increasing or-decreasing) appeared to be tissue-specific and repeat-specific, suggesting that somatic mutation in different tissues\u2014or of different repeats in the same tissue\u2014proceeds independently and under the control of substantially different genetic variation. Additional modifier loci included DNA damage response genes\n                  <jats:italic>ATAD5<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>GADD45A<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Analyzing DNA repeat expansions together with clinical data showed that inherited repeats in the 5\u2019 UTR of the glutaminase (\n                  <jats:italic>GLS)<\/jats:italic>\n                  gene are associated with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (OR=14.0 [5.7\u201334.3]) and liver diseases (OR=3.0 [1.5\u20135.9]). These and other results point to the dynamics of DNA repeats in human populations and across the human lifespan.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.25.625248","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T07:01:46Z","timestamp":1732690906000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Insights into the causes and consequences of DNA repeat expansions from 700,000 biobank participants"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Margaux L.A.","family":"Hujoel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3128-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Handsaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolan","family":"Kamitaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronen E.","family":"Mukamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Rubinacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier F.","family":"Palamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"McCarroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Ru","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024120207304428000_2024.11.25.625248v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.115"},{"key":"2024120207304428000_2024.11.25.625248v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.177774.114"},{"key":"2024120207304428000_2024.11.25.625248v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziaei Jam , H., et al. 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